NIRS age prediction of individual female laboratory-reared <i>Anopheles</i> spp.

<p>The specimens include mosquitoes that were tested using the WHO resistance assay at 3, 7 and 12 d post emergence and sampled one day post pesticide exposure and unexposed mosquitoes sampled at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 14 d post emergence.</p

Percentage accuracy of the NIRS technique for predicting the age of mixed- <i>Anopheles</i> spp at each treatment level correctly as <7 or ≥7 d old.

<p>Percentage accuracy of the NIRS technique for predicting the age of mixed- <i>Anopheles</i> spp at each treatment level correctly as <7 or ≥7 d old.</p

NIRS age predictions for A. resistant and B. susceptible laboratory reared <i>Anopheles</i> spp after 24-hr holding period post insecticide exposure.

<p>NIRS predictions that differ significantly between the different age groups at the 0.05 level are marked with a different letter. Mean age predictions are indicated by a red line.</p

NIRS age prediction accuracy of mixed-<i>Anopheles</i> spp by age and treatment at different precision levels.

<p>Accuracy is shown for mosquitoes reared from wild larvae that were either untreated or treated with lambda-cyhalothrin. Mosquito categories that were treated include those that were resistant and those that were susceptible. Mosquitoes that were used as controls are also shown.</p>a<p>Mosquitoes that died during the 24-hr holding period. Their actual ages are assumed to be 0.5 d older than the time of exposure. ^bRange into which all mosquitoes in each age group were predicted.</p

Frequency (%) age distribution of wild insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, as predicted by NIRS, on a continuous age scale.

<p>Frequency (%) age distribution of wild insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, as predicted by NIRS, on a continuous age scale.</p

Characterization of HTP-LAMP versus PCR discordant samples for diagnosis of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection (N = 31).

<p>Characterization of HTP-LAMP versus PCR discordant samples for diagnosis of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection (N = 31).</p

Diagnostic accuracy of Malaria pan HTP-LAMP compared to PCR for 3008 field samples.

<p>Diagnostic accuracy of Malaria pan HTP-LAMP compared to PCR for 3008 field samples.</p

Detection of LAMP result under UV light.

<p>N- negative, P- positive, NC-negative control, PC- positive control.</p

Distribution of quantitative PCR determined parasite densities.

<p>pan- <i>Pan plasmodium</i>, Geometric mean values are indicated by horizontal lines. Geometric mean values are for PCR + 1.8 p/μL (range 0.1–770), for PCR+/ pan HTP-LAMP + 2.5 p/μL (range 0.2–770), for PCR+/ pan-HTP-LAMP– 1.4 p/μL (range 0.1–7) and for Chelex pan-LAMP + 3.4 p/μL (range 0.1–770).</p

Flow chart of high-throughput (HTP)-LAMP evaluation.

<p>Results of Pan <i>Plasmodium</i> HTP-LAMP, confirmed PCR and Chelex LAMP (Ch-LAMP) are summarized. spp-species.</p