NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER AMONG PREMUTATION CARRIERS OF FRAGILE X SYNDROME AT SEMIN, GUNUNG KIDUL REGENCY

Background: Neurological disorder among male premutation carriers of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) frequently occurs. In other hand, lacking of information results misdiagnosis of this disorder. Therefore this study is addressed to provide the data about neurological involvement of late-adult premutation carriers of FXS. Objectives: This research is to know neurological involvement of late-adult premutation carriers of FXS. Subjects and Methods: This was a descriptive study following cytogenetic, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and neurological examinations on premutation carriers of FXS. Cytogenetic and PCR results were secondary data from Central for biomedical research (CEBIOR) laboratory of Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University during September 2009 – March 2010. Simple neurological examination techniques were done to observe neurological involment among male premutation carriers. Results: There were four males carrying premutation allele over the age of 50. Cytogenetic analysis revealed two subjects expressed fragile site. The other two subjects expressed no fragile site. PCR analysis revealed expanded allele from all subjects. Subject III.6 showed intention tremor and gait ataxia, which are two mayor clinical criterions of FXTAS. Subject III.8 showed gait ataxia which is a mayor criterion of FXTAS. Subject III.9 showed intention tremor and gait ataxia, which are two mayor criterions of FXTAS. And Subject III.10 showed gait ataxia which is a mayor criterion of FXTAS. Conclusion: Some cerebellar manifestations such as intention tremor, limb ataxia, gait ataxia, dysdiadochokinesia, and titubation have been identified in premutation carriers of FXS. Southern Blot is needed to reveal subjects’s molecular status more accurate. Simple techniques to observe mayor and minor clinical criteria in this study had been proved can be used in the future. Radiological imaging is needed to address major and minor radiological criteria of FXTAS is still needed as one of an objectives measurement. Keywords : Fragile X-associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome, intention tremor, gait ataxia, cerebellar manifestation

PENGARUH RASIO LIMBAH TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN FESES SAPI TERHADAP KADAR C, KADAR N, DAN RASIO C/N PUPUK KOMPOS

Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode percobaan. P1:TKKS 60% : 40% feses sapi. P2 : TKKS 50% : 50% feses sapi. P3:TKKS 40%:60% feses sapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan feses sapi terhadap kadar C, kadar N dan Rasio C/N pupuk kompos , serta untuk mendapatkan level terbaik RASIO pupuk kompos . Materi penelitian ini menggunakan tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan feses sapi diambil di kandang experimental Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian TKKS tidak berpengaruh nyata (p>0,05) terhadap kadar C-organik yang ada di pupuk kompos feses sapi sedangkan nilai kadar N berpengaruh nyata (P<0.01). Dan nilai Rasio C/N berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Rasio TKKS dan feses sapi dalam proses pembuatan kompos tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar C-organik kompos. Nilai rata rata kadar C organik diperoleh 31.49 %. Rasio TKKS dan feses sapi dalam proses pembuatan kompos berpengaruh terhadap kadar Nitrogen kompos. Nilai terbaik pada rasio 50% TKKS dan 50 % fses sapi dengan kadar Nitrogen 2,2 % Rasio TKKS dan feses sapi dalam proses pembuatan kompos berpengaruh terhadap rasio C/N kompos. Nilai terbaik pada rasio 50% TKKS dan 50 % feses sapi dengan Rasio C/N 14,61. Kadar C-organik kompos adapun nilai rata rata 31,49%. Sedangkan rasio terbaik dari tkks dan feses sapi dalam proses pembuatan kompos terdapat pada kadar N dan Rasio C/N adapun nilai rata-rata kadar N 1,80% sedankan nilai rata-rat Rasio C/N 17,87. Nilai ini masih sesuai dengan SNI pupuk kompos(19-7030- 2004)

Dynamics of Islamic Educational Institutions In Indonesia: Boarding Schools and Madrasah

which are the center of Islamic education activities to the many developing formal and non-formal educational institutions, including Boarding School and madrasas. Therefore, this study aims to determine the development of Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia, the Types of Islamic Education Institutions in Indonesia, the role of Islamic Education Institutions in Islamic boarding schools and madrasas in Indonesia, and the differences between Islamic boarding schools and madrasas. The research method used is literature with documentation data collection techniques. The results of this study show that Islamic boarding schools are the oldest Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia which traditional Muslims initially founded. The establishment of Madrasah in Indonesia was driven by two factors: the strengthening of the Islamic renewal movement in Indonesia and the response of Islamic education to the Dutch East Indies' educational policies. Even though they are both Islamic Education Institutions, there are many differences between Boarding School and madrasas, including Boarding School not using a curriculum, madrasah using a curriculum, and so on

Silage Quality of Sorghum Harvested at Different Times and Its Combination with Mixed Legumes or Concentrate Evaluated in Vitro

The experiment was designed to evaluate the silage quality of sorghum forage varieties of Citayam and BMR 3.6 strain at different harvesting times and the effectiveness of a legumes addition as a concentrate substitute in sorghum forage silage-based diets on in vitro fermentability using rumen fluid of beef cattle. Experimental design for silage quality was completely randomized design with 2 x 3 factorial, i.e., forage sorghum types (Citayam and BMR 3.6) and time of harvesting the forage sorghum (85, 95, and 105 d). Experimental design for in vitro fermentability and digestibility was randomized block design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, i.e. types of ration (with 2 levels i.e., a mixture of legumes and concentrate) and types of sorghum forage silages (with 2 levels i.e., Citayam and BMR 3.6). All silages had a good odor, color, and texture. Silage of sorghum harvested at 105 d had better grades and was selected for in vitro studies. The treatment had no effect on pH and organic matter digestibility. BMR 3.6 based silage had greater values of NH3, total VFA, rumen microbial population, methane, and dry matter digestibility. Substitution of concentrate with a mixture of legumes did not affect fermentability, microbe population and digestibility in the rumen. Silage of sorghum strain BMR 3.6 harvested at 105 d had a very good quality and mixing with legumes could replace concentrate in forage sorghum silage based diet on in vitro fermentability and digestibility using beef cattle rumen fluid

PERENCANAAN PERKERASAN LENTUR PADA RUAS JALAN BLITAR - SRENGAT (STA 3+450 - STA 10+520) DENGAN METODE ANALISA KOMPONEN

Jalan raya adalah suatu lintasan yang bermanfaat untuk melewatkan lalu lintas dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang lain, dan berfungsi sebagai sarana perhubungan dimana lalu lintas harus lancar dan aman. Sehubungan dengan pesatnya kota Blitar, dimana terjadi pertambahan lalu lintas yang tidak sepadan dengan pertambahan jalan, sehingga mengakibatkan antrian kendaraan diruas-ruas tertentu. Jalan yang ada saat ini tidak mampu menampung arus lalu lintas yang terus meningkat. Pada perencanaan ruas jalan Blitar – Srengat ini menggunakan perkerasan lentur dengan umur rencana 10 tahun. Pada umur rencana 10 tahun susunan perkerasannya adalah 15 cm lapisan permukaan (LASTON MS 744), 20 cm lapisan pondasi atas (batu pecah kelas A) dan 40 cm lapisan pondasi bawah (sirtu kelas A). Perencanaan geometrik pada ruas jalan Blitar – Srengat ini menggunakan alinyemen horisontal dan alinyemen vertikal. Untuk alinyemen horisontal pada Sta 5+700 memakai lengkung full circle (FC), Sta 3+450 memakai lengkung spiralcircle- spiral (SCS), dan pada Sta 9+400 memakai lengkung spiral-spiral (SS). Untuk alinyemen vertikal pada Sta 4+900 sampai Sta 5+100 memakai vertikal cembung, Sta 7+900 sampai 8+300 memakai vertikal cekung, dan Sta 9+100 sampai Sta 9+450 memakai vertikal cekung. Perencanaan saluran drainase dengan dimensi saluran tepi menggunakan tipe trapesium. Dari hasil perhitungan dapat diketahui bahwa kemiringan talud tergantung dari besarnya debit aliran (Q. Untuk kemiringan talud 1:1 didapat kedalaman saluran yang tergenang air (d) = 0,52 m, lebar saluran (b) = 0,50 m, dengan tinggi jagaan (w) = 0,51 m, sedangkan untuk menyalurkan air dari saluran samping gorong – gorong dengan diameter 1,50 m dan tebal 0,17 m untuk menghindari meluapnya air dan sebagai pembuangan akhir. Kata kunci : Perkerasan Lentur, Metode Analisa komponen,Alinyemen Horisontal, Alinyemen Vertikal, Saluran Samping

Transformation of Rules of Origin Dispute Settlement In Free Trade Agreement Scheme Through Mutual Agreement Procedure

Dispute resolution has been regulated in a free trade agreement (FTA) so the dispute resolution procedure should follow the dispute resolution procedure established by the FTA (das sollen). However, FTA dispute settlement procedures are not widely used to resolve disputes between importers, exporters, and state authorities related to import duty rates on imported goods in the FTA scheme. Litigation procedures in each country are the only option (das sein). Normative juridical law research methods use a statute approach to FTAs ​​and a comparative approach to dispute settlement in the field of international tax law. Research proves the weakness of FTA dispute resolution, namely the private sector and the business world as the main stakeholders in FTA schemes do not get the right to justice in disputes (access to justice) so that disputes are resolved through domestic litigation in each country. As a result, exporters and authorities of the exporting country who are not involved in the litigation process may be disadvantaged in court decisions in the importing country. Transformation of dispute resolution in FTA agreements through the mutual agreement procedure (MAP) as in international tax law (tax treaty) must be made to provide an opportunity for parties from both countries in FTA agreements, both the private sector and the competent authorities to submit objections