60 research outputs found
Exercise and immune function: the effects of acute exercise, training, nutrition and environmental stress
EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Effects of bovine colostrum on immune responses to prolonged exercise and upper respiratory illness in active males
The Impact Of Extreme Physical Exertion On Salivary Anti-Microbial Protein Responses, Circulatory Endotoxin Concentrations And Cytokine Profile:Do Probiotics Have A Role To Play?
Monitoring Sleep and Heart Rate in Female Soccer Cardiac autonomic function and sleep patterns after training sessions and matches in female soccer players
A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar o impacto de sessões de treino e de jogos oficiais, realizados em diferentes locais e horas do dia na atividade da função autonómica cardíaca e nos padrões do sono em jogadoras do futebol feminino de diferentes níveis competitivos (elite e semiprofissionais), durante a época desportiva e durante um torneio internacional. No primeiro estudo, foi investigada a sensibilidade da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) noturna para avaliar os efeitos de sessões de treino realizadas à noite na função autonómica cardíaca em jogadoras semiprofissionais de futebol. Apesar dos treinos realizados à noite não parecerem influenciar as slow-wave sleep episode (SWSE) e os índices da VFC analisados hora-em-hora, ambos os métodos (SWSE e índices da VFC analisados hora-em-hora) mostraram ser medidas de VFC confiáveis, sugerindo que a VFC durante a noite poderá ser sensível (ex. alta capacidade de resposta interna) à resposta aos treinos e jogos. Dado que no primeiro estudo os padrões de sono não foram quantificados através de métodos objetivos, como a actigrafia, foram realizados dois estudos observacionais e longitudinais adicionais em que foram incluídos estes métodos, para avaliar o sono e a VFC noturna em jogadoras semiprofissionais de futebol. Estes estudos permitiram concluir que o horário das sessões (sessões de treino realizadas à noite e os jogos realizados durante o dia) e o local dos jogos (jogos em casa vs. fora de casa) podem causar perturbações no padrão de sono e/ou na atividade da função autonómica cardíaca em jogadoras de futebol.
Finalmente, considerando a importância da abordagem individualizada na análise do sono e da VFC noturna após cargas de treino e de jogo, foram realizados um quarto (jogadoras de elite) e quinto (jogadoras semiprofissionais) estudos, focando-se especificamente na análise individual da VFC e dos padrões de sono. Os resultados destes estudos revelaram uma considerável variação individual no sono e da VFC, assim como das cargas de treino e de jogo, informação que deve ser considerada na prescrição de sessões de treino e/ou jogos.
Os resultados da análise observacional da função autonómica cardíaca noturna, dos padrões de sono, e das cargas de treino e de jogo em jogadoras de futebol realizada na presente tese, podem auxiliar treinadores e profissionais clínicos a identificar perturbações da VFC e do sono após treinos e jogos de futebol, o que deverá constituir-se como informação relevante aquando da prescrição individual de cargas de treino e do tempo de jogo no futebol feminino.The present thesis aims to investigate the impact of training sessions and official matches performed at different times of the day and in different locations on autonomic cardiac function and sleep patterns of female soccer players from different competitive levels (elite and semi-professional), during competitive in-season and during an international tournament. The first study investigated the sensitivity of nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) to evaluate the effects of late-night soccer training sessions on nocturnal autonomic cardiac function of semi-professional female players. Although late-night soccer training did not appear to affect slow-wave sleep episodes (SWSE) and "hour-by-hour" HRV indices analysed, the implementation of both methods resulted in reliable HRV measures, suggesting that overnight HRV could be sensitive (i.e., high-internal responsiveness) to training and matches responses in female soccer players. Since in the first study sleep patterns were not quantified using objective methods such as actigraphy, we conducted two additional observational and longitudinal studies, where these methods were included to assess nocturnal HRV and sleep in semi-professional female players. These studies led to the conclusion that the training and match schedule (i.e., night-training sessions and day matches) and match location (i.e., home-matches vs. away-matches) may cause disruption in sleep patterns and/or in autonomic cardiac activity.
Finally, and considering the importance of an individualized approach in the analysis of sleep and nocturnal HRV from training and match load, a fourth (with elite female players) and fifth (with semi-professionals female players) studies were conducted focusing on individual HRV and sleep patterns. The results of these studies revealed a substantial individual variation in sleep and HRV, as well in training and match load, information that should be considered when prescribing training sessions and/or matches in women's soccer.
The results of the observational analysis of nocturnal cardiac autonomic function, sleep patterns, and training and match load in female soccer players conducted in this thesis may help coaches and clinical practitioners to identify HRV and sleep disorders after training and matches, which may constitute relevant information to individually prescribe training load and playing time in female soccer players
The Book of Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference of Aquatic Space Activities
Nomura T, Ungerechts B. The Book of Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference of Aquatic Space Activities. Tsukuba JAP: University of Tsukuba; 2008
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Muscle activation patterns in shoulder impingement patients
Introduction: Shoulder impingement is one of the most common presentations of shoulder joint problems 1. It appears to be caused by a reduction in the sub-acromial space as the humerus abducts between 60o -120o – the 'painful arc'. Structures between the humeral head and the acromion are thus pinched causing pain and further pathology 2. Shoulder muscle activity can influence this joint space but it is unclear whether this is a cause or effect in impingement patients. This study aimed to observe muscle activation patterns in normal and impingement shoulder patients and determine if there were any significant differences.
Method: 19 adult subjects were asked to perform shoulder abduction in their symptomatic arm and non-symptomatic. 10 of these subjects (age 47.9 ± 11.2) were screened for shoulder impingement, and 9 subjects (age 38.9 ± 14.3) had no history of shoulder pathology. Surface EMG was used to collect data for 6 shoulder muscles (Upper, middle and lower trapezius, serratus anterior, infraspinatus, middle deltoids) which was then filtered and fully rectified. Subjects performed 3 smooth unilateral abduction movements at a cadence of 16 beats of a metronome set at 60bpm, and the mean of their results was recorded. T-tests were used to indicate any statistical significance in the data sets. Significance was set at P<0.05.
Results: There was a significant difference in muscle activation with serratus anterior in particular showing a very low level of activation throughout the range when compared to normal shoulder activation patterns (<30%). Middle deltoid recruitment was significantly reduced between 60-90o in the impingement group (30:58%).Trends were noted in other muscles with upper trapezius and infraspinatus activating more rapidly and erratically (63:25%; 60:27% respectively), and lower trapezius with less recruitment (13:30%) in the patient group, although these did not quite reach significance.
Conclusion: There appears to be some interesting alterations in muscle recruitment patterns in impingement shoulder patients when compared against their own unaffected shoulders and the control group. In particular changes in scapula control (serratus anterior and trapezius) and lateral rotation (infraspinatus), which have direct influence on the sub-acromial space, should be noted. It is still not clear whether these alterations are causative or reactionary, but this finding gives a clear indication to the importance of addressing muscle reeducation as part of a rehabilitation programme in shoulder impingement patients
Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 248)
This bibliography lists 364 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in July 1983
Characterisation of Functional Brown Adipose Tissue In Adult Humans
The white adipose tissue mainly serves the purpose of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the capacity to generate heat under cold conditions in mammals and in human infants. BAT is controlled by the central nervous system, and BAT function is accompanied by increased energy expenditure. However, it was not previously certain whether adult humans also have functional BAT.
The aim of this doctoral work was to identify functional BAT in adult humans and to characterise its glucose uptake and blood flow under cold and insulin stimulation conditions in lean and in obese humans, by using positron emission tomography. Further, the impact of weight loss on BAT glucose uptake was assessed. Cerebral glucose uptake was also studied in relation to BAT function and cold exposure.
The results showed that healthy adult humans have functional BAT, as assessed by the intense cold-induced glucose uptake and by biopsies. BAT was also found to be a highly insulinsensitive tissue in lean humans, but the effects of insulin and cold exposure were attenuated in obese humans, although the glucose uptake capacity of cold-activated BAT might be increased by weight loss. Blood flow in the BAT of lean humans was associated with whole-body energy expenditure. The presence of cold-activated BAT was related to lower body mass index and higher insulin sensitivity. Finally, BAT activation was linked to the activity of the cerebellum, the thalamus and certain neocortical regions. The cold-induced cerebral glucose uptake was also lower in obese than in lean adult humans.Aikuisten ihmisten toiminnallisen ruskean rasvakudoksen karakterisointi
Nisäkkäiden ja vastasyntyneiden ihmisten valkoiset rasvasolut toimivat ensisijaisesti energiavarastona toisin kuin ruskeat rasvasolut, joilla on kyky tuottaa lämpöä ja kuluttaa siten samalla energiaa elimistön kohdatessa kylmän ympäristön. Ruskean rasvakudoksen toimintaa säätelee keskushermosto. Aiemmin ei kuitenkaan ollut varmaa, onko aikuisilla ihmisillä toiminnallista ruskeaa rasvakudosta.
Väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli osoittaa, että aikuisilla ihmisillä on toiminnallista ruskeaa rasvaa ja lisäksi karakterisoida kylmäaltistuksen ja insuliinin vaikutuksia ruskean rasvakudoksen glukoosin käyttöön ja verenvirtaukseen hyödyntämällä positroniemissiotomografiaa. Lisäksi tutkittiin lihavuuden vaikutusta ruskean rasvakudoksen aineenvaihduntaan ja sitä, muuttaako laihduttaminen ruskean rasvan glukoosin käyttöä. Myös aivojen glukoosin käyttöä mitattiin suhteessa ruskean rasvakudoksen toimintaan ja kylmäaltistukseen.
Tulokset osoittivat, että terveillä aikuisilla ihmisillä on toiminnallista ruskeaa rasvaa, sillä tutkitun rasvakudoksen glukoosin käyttö lisääntyi voimakkaasti kylmäaltistuksen aikana, ja kyseiseltä alueelta otetuissa kudosnäytteissä oli ruskeaa rasvakudosta. Normaalipainoisten aikuisten ruskea rasva osoittautui myös erittäin insuliiniherkäksi kudokseksi. Lihavien ihmisten ruskea rasvakudos ei ollut yhtä herkkä kylmäaltistuksen ja insuliinin vaikutuksille, mutta laihduttaminen saattaa lisätä kylmäaltistukseen liittyvää glukoosin kulutusta ruskeassa rasvassa. Ruskean rasvakudoksen verenvirtauksen todettiin myös olevan yhteydessä suurentuneeseen kokokehon energiankulutukseen. Lisäksi koehenkilöillä, joilla oli aktiivista ruskeaa rasvaa, oli myös alempi painoindeksi ja suurempi kokokehon insuliiniherkkyys kuin niillä, joilla aktiivista ruskeaa rasvaa ei todettu. Ruskean rasvakudoksen aktivaation todettiin liittyvän pikkuaivojen, talamuksen ja isoaivojen kuorikerroksen tiettyjen osien toimintaan. Lisäksi havaittiin, että kylmäaltistuksen aikana lihavilla ihmisillä aivojen glukoosin käyttö oli alentunut verrattuna normaalipainoisiin henkilöihin.Siirretty Doriast
Recovery Rules:post-match recovery and load management during match congestion in elite team sport players
Based on the findings in this thesis, trainers and coaches should be vigilant on hidden recovery processes. This can be the case if performance is already at baseline values while biochemical markers remain impaired by previous load. Adequate communication between coach and player adds to more insight in match exertion and the process of post-match recovery of the player. For optimal performance, discrepancy between coaches’ and players’ perceptions should be reduced to a minimum. Within intensified competition coaches tend to overcompensate training load. Match load indicators such as HIR and PC influence fatigue and general muscle soreness, respectively and might, therefore, be used as feedback parameters. Moreover, well-being, fatigue and TQR are most useful for their responsiveness to acute increased load
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