Виникнення Білої Сербії у світлі тюринзької політики Меровінгів

The study offers an analytical overview of the international relations in the territory of the Middle Elbe basin from the 530s until the early 8th century, specifically concerned with the policy of the Merovingian kings towards the former Thuringian kingdom lands and the issue of the rise of White Serbia. The author considers Frankish policy as an influencing factor in slavisation of the discussed region while examining the impact of a wider spectrum of possible factors, in particular, the changes in ecology and the Avar presence in the Middle Danube region. The chronology of the Serbian settlers’ arrival into the Middle Elbe valley as well as their political & legal status in that land are specified. The author discusses the issue of the White Serbs’ initial foreign policy orientation and investigates the causes, direction, time & consequences of its change. The main research content is complemented by the excurses on the climatic crisis of the Late Antique Little Ice Age and chosen aspects of the Avars’ & the White Serbs’ early ethnic history. The author develops W. Fritze’s hypothesis of the Merovingians’ active involvement and support of the Serbian immigration into the Middle Elbe and Saale region together with an idea of anti-Avar direction of this measure. Whereas, the results of the study have rejected the assumptions, that the Elbe Germans abandonment of the area to the east of the Elbe and Saale at the end of the third quarter of the 6th century was caused by the Frankish-Avar agreement or Slavic pressure. The author concludes that the first group of the Serbian settlers arrived to the Middle Elbe and Saale from the North-Western Bohemia during the Austrasian king Theudebert ІІ’s reign, probably, at the invitation of the famous Brunhilda, receiving the lands in Thuringia’s border zone as the Frankish foederati. The interconnection between the initial successes of the Merovingians’ Serbian policy in the east of Thuringia during the first decades of the 7th century and the settlement of the Croats & Serbs in the Balkans by the emperor Heraclius is revealed. It has been demonstrated that further expansion of the White Serbia’s territory from the 630s was of spontaneous nature and took place under the circumstances of the collapsed Merovingian control over Thuringia.У статті запропоновано аналітичний огляд міжнародної ситуації на теренах басейну Середньої Ельби від 530-х рр. до початку VIII ст., сфокусований навколо політики Меровінзьких королів на землях колишнього Тюринзького королівства і проблематики виникнення Білої Сербії. Автор розглядає франкську політику як чинник слов’янізації досліджуваного регіону на тлі вивчення ширшого спектру можливих факторів, зокрема екологічних трансформацій та аварської присутності у Середньому Подунав’ї. Уточнено хронологію заселення сербами долини Середньої Ельби та політико-правовий статус перших сербських колоністів на цих теренах. Розкрито питання зовнішньополітичної орієнтації білих сербів, визначено причини, характер, час і наслідки її зміни. Основний зміст дослідження доповнено екскурсами про кліматичну кризу пізньоантичного малого льодовикового періоду і вибрані аспекти етнічної історії аварів та білих сербів. Розвинуто концепцію В. Фрітце про активну участь Меровінгів у імміграції сербів до Ельбо-Заальського межиріччя та антиаварську спрямованість цієї акції. Натомість заперечено зумовленість відселення північних свевів та інших груп полабських германців з теренів на схід від Ельби і Заале наприкінці третьої чверті VI ст. франко-аварськими домовленостями чи тиском слов’ян, доведено помітну роль кліматичного чиннику в цьому процесі. Автор доходить висновку, що перша група сербських колоністів прибула над Середню Ельбу і Заале з Північно-Західної Богемії за часів австразійського короля Теудеберта ІІ, ймовірно, на запрошення знаменитої Брунгільди, отримавши статус федератів Франкської держави. Простежено зв’язок між успіхами сербської політики Меровінгів на сході Тюрингії у перші десятиліття VII ст. та заходами візантійського василевса Іраклія щодо поселення хорватів і сербів на Балканах. Показано, що подальше розширення ареалу Білої Сербії від      630-х рр. мало самочинний характер і відбувалося на тлі втрати Меровінгами контролю над Тюрингією

Каролінзька політика стосовно білих сербів наприкінці VIII та в IX столітті

The article explores the Slavic policy of Charlemagne and his descendants in the Middle Elbe basin. The main Frankish goals in this sphere of foreign relations were determined, and a periodization of the policy was provided. The author examined the Carolingian diplomatic and military actions towards the principalities of the White Serbs who inhabited the above-mentioned territory. The study focuses on the episodes of the Frankish-Sorbian collaboration and confrontation between 789 and 899, with analysing their international context, discussing their preconditions and results as well as clarifying the course of events. The author traces the evolution of the Carolingian policy from the military alliance with the high princes of White Serbia in 789–805 to direct interaction with leaders of individual clans and creation of a fortified borderland on the Saale river in 806–840, followed by its administrative centralization and partial entrusting of the frontier affairs to the dukes of the Sorbian March in 841–858. It was demonstrated that until 858 the majority of the Sorbian political elite, with the exception of the Dalaminzi, tended to continue their collaboration with the Carolingians expressed in providing the military and logistical support for the Frankish campaigns, while the contemporary wars between the Franks and White Serbs were of short-term, sometimes local character. The author revealed their partial correlation with years of crop failure as well as the cases of the Carolingian troops marching through the Middle Elbe basin. Specific conflicts were linked with the transformation of the Sorbian frontier and internal struggle in the Frankish empire. Subsequently, the paper considers the political circumstances of the rise of the anti-Frankish orientation among the White Serbs. It was concluded that this change occurred in 858, undermined the safety of the Sorbian March and Thuringia, was accompanied with the Sorbian cooperation with the Dalaminzi & Czechs, and later on, led to the White Serbia becoming a part of Great Moravia. According to the author, the East-Frankish response initially included an attempt of gradual expansion of the Sorbian March into the Slavic lands between the Elbe & Saale. However, after its failure in the 880s – early 890s in course of the rivalry with Great Moravia, the Carolingians had to return to the older type of friendly relations with the White Serbs.У статті представлено результати дослідження слов’янської політики Карла Великого і його нащадків у басейні Середньої Ельби. Визначено її цілі, запропоновано періодизацію. Розглянуто дипломатичні та військові заходи Каролінгів стосовно розташованих тут князівств білих сербів. Проаналізовано міжнародне тло епізодів франко-білосербської співпраці та конфронтації у 789–899 рр., розкрито їхні передумови й наслідки, уточнено перебіг. Простежено еволюцію Каролінзької політики від військового союзу з верховними князями Білої Сербії (789–805 рр.) до безпосередньої взаємодії з очільниками окремих кланів і створення укріпленого пограниччя на р. Заале (806–840 рр.), а відтак – його адміністративної централізації та часткового делегування стосунків з білими сербами місцевим маркгерцогам (841–858 рр.) Показано, що до 858 р. політична еліта Білої Сербії, за винятком далеминців, виявляла тенденцію до продовження співпраці з Каролінгами, яка знаходила вираження у військовій та логістичній підтримці їхніх походів, а франко-білосербські війни мали епізодичний, іноді локальний характер. Виявлено часткову кореляцію між кризами у взаєминах і неврожайними роками, а також транзитним проходженням Каролінзьких армій крізь Ельбо-Заальське межиріччя. Окремі конфлікти пов’язано з переформатуванням Сербського лімесу та міжусобним протистоянням у Франкській імперії. З’ясовано політичні обставини перемоги у середовищі білих сербів антифранкської орієнтації. Встановлено, що ця зміна відбулася у 858 р., поставила під загрозу безпеку Сербської марки й Тюрингії, супроводжувалася кооперацією білих сербів з далеминцями та чехами і в подальшому призвела до тимчасового входження Білої Сербії до складу Великої Моравії. Охарактеризовано реакцію Каролінгів, яка спершу полягала у спробі поступової інкорпорації слов’янських земель Ельбо-Заальського межиріччя до складу Сербської марки, однак, після невдачі цієї стратегії у 880-х – на початку 890-х рр. на тлі протистояння з Великою Моравією, обмежилася поверненням до більш давньої моделі дружніх стосунків з білими сербами

We are not the periphery: barbarian economies and Northern Europe in the exchange patterns of Western Eurasia, 1800 BC - AD 900

University of Ph.D. dissertation. December 2013. Major: History. Advisor: Bernard S. Bachrach. 1 compute4r file (PDF); xi, 708 pages.Examination of long-term exchange patterns involving northern Europe and neighboring regions of western Eurasia reveals that the world of the North has, typically, played an important role both as producer and consumer. Especially in the Carolingian period (AD 700 - 900), the system as a whole can be characterized best as a vast circuit of exchange flows rather than in terms of center - periphery relationships. The major regions participating in the western Eurasian exchange circuit were the North (Scandinavia - Baltic), Latin Christendom, European Russia, Byzantium, and the Islamic world of the Middle East and North Africa. Exchange within the circuit always operated at multiple levels, including elite and non-elite gift giving and resource sharing, but also including independent, professional merchant-adventurers who redistributed goods and materials for profit. This class of entrepreneurs can be analyzed further into long-distance wholesale traders, who linked the top-level nodal places in the system, and others who linked the nodal places with points in the local area down to the capillary level of individual producers and consumers. Typically, members of the mercantile class traveled armed and formed ad hoc aggregations for mutual protection. In the Carolingian Empire, their activities were governed by rules and administrative practices derived, ultimately, from the Late Roman. Commercial exchange can and does operate successfully even in pre-state and non-urbanized societies, i.e., without elite direction or coercion. The evidence shows that pre-commercial societies will incorporate commercial modes of behavior into their socio-economic value systems when opportunity to do so arises. Even "peasants" will behave entrepreneurially, feeding into the larger exchange system both as producers and consumers

The Rise of the White Serbia in the Light of the Merovingians’ Thuringia Policy

У статті запропоновано аналітичний огляд міжнародної ситуації на теренах басейну Середньої Ельби від 530-х рр. до початку VIII ст., сфокусований навколо політики Меровінзьких королів на землях колишнього Тюринзького королівства і проблематики виникнення Білої Сербії. Автор розглядає франкську політику як чинник слов’янізації досліджуваного регіону на тлі вивчення ширшого спектру можливих факторів, зокрема екологічних трансформацій та аварської присутності у Середньому Подунав’ї. Уточнено хронологію заселення сербами долини Середньої Ельби та політико-правовий статус перших сербських колоністів на цих теренах. Розкрито питання зовнішньополітичної орієнтації білих сербів, визначено причини, характер, час і наслідки її зміни. Основний зміст дослідження доповнено екскурсами про кліматичну кризу пізньоантичного малого льодовикового періоду і вибрані аспекти етнічної історії аварів та білих сербів. Розвинуто концепцію В. Фрітце про активну участь Меровінгів у імміграції сербів до Ельбо-Заальського межиріччя та антиаварську спрямованість цієї акції. Натомість заперечено зумовленість відселення північних свевів та інших груп полабських германців з теренів на схід від Ельби і Заале наприкінці третьої чверті VI ст. франко-аварськими домовленостями чи тиском слов’ян, доведено помітну роль кліматичного чиннику в цьому процесі. Автор доходить висновку, що перша група сербських колоністів прибула над Середню Ельбу і Заале з Північно-Західної Богемії за часів австразійського короля Теудеберта ІІ, ймовірно, на запрошення знаменитої Брунгільди, отримавши статус федератів Франкської держави. Простежено зв’язок між успіхами сербської політики Меровінгів на сході Тюрингії у перші десятиліття VII ст. та заходами візантійського василевса Іраклія щодо поселення хорватів і сербів на Балканах. Показано, що подальше розширення ареалу Білої Сербії від      630-х рр. мало самочинний характер і відбувалося на тлі втрати Меровінгами контролю над Тюрингією.The study offers an analytical overview of the international relations in the territory of the Middle Elbe basin from the 530s until the early 8th century, specifically concerned with the policy of the Merovingian kings towards the former Thuringian kingdom lands and the issue of the rise of White Serbia. The author considers Frankish policy as an influencing factor in slavisation of the discussed region while examining the impact of a wider spectrum of possible factors, in particular, the changes in ecology and the Avar presence in the Middle Danube region. The chronology of the Serbian settlers’ arrival into the Middle Elbe valley as well as their political & legal status in that land are specified. The author discusses the issue of the White Serbs’ initial foreign policy orientation and investigates the causes, direction, time & consequences of its change. The main research content is complemented by the excurses on the climatic crisis of the Late Antique Little Ice Age and chosen aspects of the Avars’ & the White Serbs’ early ethnic history. The author develops W. Fritze’s hypothesis of the Merovingians’ active involvement and support of the Serbian immigration into the Middle Elbe and Saale region together with an idea of anti-Avar direction of this measure. Whereas, the results of the study have rejected the assumptions, that the Elbe Germans abandonment of the area to the east of the Elbe and Saale at the end of the third quarter of the 6th century was caused by the Frankish-Avar agreement or Slavic pressure. The author concludes that the first group of the Serbian settlers arrived to the Middle Elbe and Saale from the North-Western Bohemia during the Austrasian king Theudebert ІІ’s reign, probably, at the invitation of the famous Brunhilda, receiving the lands in Thuringia’s border zone as the Frankish foederati. The interconnection between the initial successes of the Merovingians’ Serbian policy in the east of Thuringia during the first decades of the 7th century and the settlement of the Croats & Serbs in the Balkans by the emperor Heraclius is revealed. It has been demonstrated that further expansion of the White Serbia’s territory from the 630s was of spontaneous nature and took place under the circumstances of the collapsed Merovingian control over Thuringia

Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. Vol. 10: Orations 64-77 (1462-1464). 4th version

International audienceVolume 10 of the Collected Orations of Pope Pius II contains fourteen orations held by Pius II in the last years of his pontificate, from 1462-1464. It comprises the three very important orations from March 1462, the “Existimatis fortasse” relaunching his crusade project, the “Per me reges regnant” on the abolition of Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, and the “Superioribus diebus” with a refusal to grant communion under both species to the Bohemians. It also contains the orations delivered at the reception of Saint Andrew’s Head in Rome, a major propaganda scoop for the papacy. And finally it contains the “Sextus agitur annus”, the prelude to his great crusade bull Ezechielis propheta, officially initiating his crusade

Human Trafficking in Medieval Europe

Human trafficking has become a global concern over the last twenty years, but its violence has terrorized and traumatized its victims and survivors for millennia. This study examines the deep history of human trafficking from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period. It traces the evolution of trafficking patterns: the growth and decline of trafficking routes, the everchanging relationships between traffickers and authorities, and it examines the underlying causes that lead to vulnerability and thus to exploitation. As the reader will discover, the conditions that lead to human trafficking in the modern world, such as poverty, attitudes of entitlement, corruption, and violence, have a long and storied past. When we understand that past, we can better anticipate human trafficking’s future, and then we are better able to fight it

The Heirs of the Roman West

In this collection leading international authorities analyse the structures and economic functions of non-agrarian centres between ca. 500 and 1000 A.D. – their trade, their surrounding settlements, and the agricultural and cultural milieux. The thirty-one papers presented at an international conference held in Bad Homburg focus on recent archaeological discoveries in Central Europe (Vol.1), as well as onthose from southeastern Europe to Asia Minor (Vol. 2)

Dictionary of World Biography

Jones, Barry Owen (1932– ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972–77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977–98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry, abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the ‘post-industrial’ society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983–90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987–90 and Customs 1988–90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991–95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992–2000, 2005–06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860– (1965), Joseph II (1968), Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty is Death (1968). Sleepers, Wake!: Technology and the Future of Work was published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. Knowledge Courage Leadership, a collection of speeches and essays, appeared in 2016. He received a DSc for his services to science in 1988 and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA (1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have become a Fellow of four of Australia’s five learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s 100 ‘living national treasures’ in 1998, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006 and The Shock of Recognition, about music and literature, in 2016. In 2014 he received an AC for services ‘as a leading intellectual in Australian public life

Dictionary of World Biography

Jones, Barry Owen (1932– ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne High School and Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972–77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977–98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry and abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the 'post‑industrial' society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the *Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983–90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987–90 and Customs 1988–90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991–95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992–2000, 2005–06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860– (1965), Joseph II (1968) and Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty Is Death (1968, revised and expanded 2022). Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work was published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. Knowledge Courage Leadership: Insights & Reflections, a collection of speeches and essays, appeared in 2016. He received a DSc in 1988 for his services to science and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA (1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have become a Fellow of four of Australia’s five learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s 100 ‘living national treasures’ in 1997, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006 and The Shock of Recognition, about music and literature, in 2016. In 2014 he received an AC for services ‘as a leading intellectual in Australian public life’. What Is to Be Done was published by Scribe in 2020. ; Jones, Barry Owen (1932– ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972–77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977–98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry, abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the ‘post-industrial’ society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983–90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987–90 and Customs 1988–90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991–95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992–2000, 2005–06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860– (1965), Joseph II (1968), Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty is Death (1968). Sleepers, Wake!: Technology and the Future of Work was published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. Knowledge Courage Leadership, a collection of speeches and essays, appeared in 2016. He received a DSc for his services to science in 1988 and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA (1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have been elected to all four Australian learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s 100 ‘living national treasures’ in 1998, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006 and The Shock of Recognition, about music and literature, in 2016. In 2014 he received an AC for services ‘as a leading intellectual in Australian public life’

Human Trafficking in Medieval Europe

Human trafficking has become a global concern over the last twenty years, but its violence has terrorized and traumatized its victims and survivors for millennia. This study examines the deep history of human trafficking from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period. It traces the evolution of trafficking patterns: the growth and decline of trafficking routes, the everchanging relationships between traffickers and authorities, and it examines the underlying causes that lead to vulnerability and thus to exploitation. As the reader will discover, the conditions that lead to human trafficking in the modern world, such as poverty, attitudes of entitlement, corruption, and violence, have a long and storied past. When we understand that past, we can better anticipate human trafficking’s future, and then we are better able to fight it