An investigation into the effect of melting zone mixing intensity on refining in an attached refining launder

Steelmaking today is carried out in batch processes. However, in many industries it has been found that continuous processes are more efficient than batch processes. In the 1960\u27s it was shown in the WORCRA, IRSID and other trials that it is possible to produce a high quality refined steel continuously. The WORCRA process utilised counter-current flow of the slag phase with respect to the metal phase. One of the failings of this process that has been cited by others is low productivity. This was due, in part, to low mixing intensity in the melting region of the furnace. The current study is focussed on understanding the relationship between the melting zone mixing intensity and axial dispersion in an attached refining channel for a geometry similar to that of the WORCRA process. An important finding of this work was that changes in the mixing intensity had little effect on the dispersion in the refining channel. Other findings include, (1) there was a decrease in axial dispersion in the launder as the fluid flow rate was increased, (2) tuyère gas injection in the channel had no apparent influence on waves travelling along the channel, and (3) that the discontinuous nature of the ejection of water from the exit of the model was caused by slopping in the melting zone

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1897.

Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. 14 Apr. HD 575 (pts. 1-3), 55-2, v78-79 (pts. 1 and 2), 2308p. [3706-3708] Research related to the American Indian

M & L Jaargang 20/4

Aimé Stroobants Architecturaal ijzersmeedwerk in de late Middeleeuwen in Gent, Brugge en Antwerpen. [Architectural ironwork.]Marjan Buyle Het is niet al goud wat er blinkt! Het gebruik van goud en goudimitatie. [All that glitters is not gold. Gold and gold imitation in the Middle Ages.]Jaak Nijssen Grafkruisen van de Sint-Truidense gieterij Brialmont. [Sepulchral crosses from the Brialmont foundry in Sint-Truiden.]Pieter Truijens Klinken: een historische verbindingswijze voor straalconstructies. [Riveting: a historical joining method for steel structures.]Summar

THE RHETORIC OF DESTRUCTION: RACIAL IDENTITY AND NONCOMBATANT IMMUNITY IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA

This study explores how Americans chose to conduct war in the mid-nineteenth century and the relationship between race and the onset of “total war” policies. It is my argument that enlisted soldiers in the Civil War era selectively waged total war using race and cultural standards as determining factors. A comparative analysis of the treatment of noncombatants throughout the United States between 1861 and 1865 demonstrates that nonwhites invariably suffered greater depredations at the hands of military forces than did whites. Five types of encounters are examined: 1) the treatment of white noncombatants by regular Union and Confederate forces; 2) the fate of noncombatants caught up in the guerrilla wars of the border regions; 3) the relationship between native New Mexicans, Anglo Union troops and Confederate Texans; 4) the relationship between African American noncombatants and Union and Confederate forces; and 5) the conflict between various Indian tribes and Union and Confederate forces apart from the Civil War. By moving away from a narrow focus of white involvement in a single conflict and instead speaking of a “Civil War era,” new comparisons can be drawn that illuminate the multi-faceted nature of American warfare in the mid-nineteenth century. Such a comparison, advances the notion that there has been not one “American way of war,” but two – the first waged against whites, and the second against all others. A thorough study of the language soldiers employed to stereotype explains how the process of dehumanization functioned and why similar groups of men behaved with restraint in one instance and committed atrocity in another. Though the fates of Hispanic, black, and Indian noncombatants have generally been obscured by the “greater” aspects of the Civil War, they are integral to understanding both the capacity of mid-nineteenth century Americans to inflict destruction and the importance of race in shaping military responses. Ultimately, the racialist assumptions of white soldiers served to prevent atrocities against white noncombatants, while the desire to maintain white privilege virtually guaranteed the implementation of harsh tactics against nonwhites