The Judges' Considerations Against Sentence for Narcotics Abuse Category I

The younger generation is being targeted as the threat of drug seizures rises in Indonesia. Narcotics are substances or drugs that can alter consciousness, cause loss of feeling, lessen or eliminate pain, and cause dependence. They can be derived from plants or non-plant sources and synthetic or semi-synthetic. As a result, drug users who commit crimes need rehabilitation in order to overcome their drug use. For those who commit drug crimes, rehabilitation is a form of punishment with the objective of healing or treatment. However, in practice, judges frequently favor to sentence drug offenders to prison terms and fines, even though offenders can also be sent to rehabilitation. This empirical normative legal study uses primary and secondary data as its data sources and fieldwork and library research as its data collection methods. According to the study's findings, the judge's factors in establishing that the defendant's actions met the requirements of Article 127, paragraph 1, letter an of Law Number 35 of 2009 Concerning Narcotics were taken into consideration in proving the defendant's actions (Narcotics Law). One example is the decision in the drug crime case at the Special Class II Gedong Tataan District Court, which is based on the accuracy of the evidence and the legal facts presented during the trial and the fulfillment of the elements of each of these crimes. It was argued that it was appropriate for the defendants to receive prison sentences and fines rather than engage in medical or social rehabilitation because their status as drug addicts or abuse victims had not been established

Fifteen Years after the Federal Sentencing Revolution: How Mandatory Minimums Have Undermined Effective and Just Narcotics Sentencing Perspectives on the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Sentencing

Federal criminal sentencing has changed dramatically since 1988. Fifteen years ago, judges determined if and for how long a defendant would go to jail. Since that time, changes in substantive federal criminal statutes, particularly the passage of an array of mandatory minimum penalties and the adoption of the federal sentencing guidelines, have limited significantly judicial sentencing power and have remade federal sentencing and federal criminal practice. The results of these changes are significantly longer federal prison sentences, as was the intent of these reforms, and the emergence of federal prosecutors as the key players in sentencing. Yet, at the same time, average sentence length appears to be falling slowly as judicial tendency to use the authority granted in the United States Sentencing Guidelines (the Guidelines ) to mitigate sentences through downward departures appears to be increasing

Moderate and Non-Arbitrary Sentencing Without Guidelines: The German Experience

Sverige står inför omfattande renoveringsbehov med anledning av det stora antalet hushåll som byggts från 1960-talet och framåt. Läckage blir ett större problem med fler slitna och ålderstigna rör. För att åtgärda rör används främst två metoder: stambyte och relining. Med utgångspunkt i att Sverige står inför relativt stora klimatpolitiska utmaningar, syftar detta projekt till att analysera och kvantifiera hur energianvändning, koldioxidekvivalenta utsläpp och materialåtgång skiljer sig åt mellan metoderna. Rapporten bryter ned metoderna i tre delsystem: materialframställning, transporter och utförandeprocess. Data- och informationsinsamling har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, databaser, publicerade rapporter och webbaserade källor. I rapporten baseras analysen på ett fiktivt badrum som bedöms vara representativt för svenska hushåll. Två modeller presenteras i studien. Den första betraktar relining och stambyte som två isolerade händelser. Ett stambyte medför dock ofta en badrumsrenovering vars behov sällan sammanfaller med behovet av rörbyte. Det medför att svårigheter i renoveringsplaneringen kan uppstå. Modell 2 tar hänsyn till detta förhållande och analyserar hur ett stambyte kan belastas, beroende på hur stor andel av badrummets tekniska livslängd som går förlorad. I studien behandlas de två vanligaste rörmaterialen, gjutjärn och PVC. Resultaten visar att ett stambyte exklusive badrumsrenovering innebär 85 procent högre energianvändning och 192 procent mer koldioxidekvivalenta utsläpp jämfört med relining om gjutjärnsrör byts ut. Motsvarande resultat för PVC-rör är 61 respektive 142 procent. När hänsyn tas till badrumsrenovering blir motsvarande resultat upp till 468 procent mer energianvändning och 683 procent högre koldioxidekvivalenta utsläpp. De två huvudsakliga slutsatserna är att relining innebär mindre miljöpåverkan jämfört med ett stambyte och det är framförallt materialframställningen som orsakar miljöbelastningen för båda metoderna. Det beror på miljöbelastande produktion av reliningmaterial och stor materialåtgång vid ett stambyte.Sweden is facing an extensive need for renovation of drainage systems following the large expansion in real estate during the 1960s. Old and damaged pipes are causing increasing problems with leakages to which there are two main solutions: replacement or relining. In the light of anthropogenic climate change and the emission goals set by the Swedish government, the aim of this study is to analyze and quantify how the two methods compare in terms of energy usage, carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and material usage. The report divides each method into three subsystems: material production, transports and execution. Information and data were gathered through semi-structured interviews as well as obtained from databases, published reports and web-based sources. The analysis was based on a fictive bathroom, which was assumed to be representative for Swedish households. Two models are presented in this study: the first model isolates the replacement of pipes from the rest of the renovation process and compares it with relining. The replacement method is however usually followed by a bathroom renovation, the need of which rarely coincides with the need for pipe replacement. This might cause complications in renovation planning. The second model includes this aspect in the analysis and burdens the replacement method with a certain amount of environmental impact depending on the lost amount of technical life span. The two most common pipe materials, cast iron and PVC, were analyzed in the study. The results show that replacement of pipes excluding bathroom renovation causes 85 percent more energy usage and 192 percent more carbon dioxide equivalent emissions compared to relining when cast iron pipes are installed. Corresponding results with installed PVC pipes are 61 percent and 142 percent. When the bathroom renovation is included in the analysis the numbers increase to up to 468 percent more energy usage and 683 percent higher carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Two primary conclusions can be drawn from the study: relining has less environmental impact compared to replacement of pipes and it is mainly the production of materials that creates this impact for both methods. It is due to high environmental load in material production for relining and the sheer weight of material with the replacement method

The Correctional Institution Recommendation As Judge's Consideration In Making A Decision Against Child Narcotics Abuser

Recalling that children are individuals who are still emotionally unstable but have become legal subjects, so the handling of narcotics abuse cases committed by children needs special attention and protection from the state. However, in deciding the case of the child, the judge has things that are often taken into consideration, such as the results of community research which later become the basis for the recommendation of the Correctional Center as regulated in Article 60 paragraph (3) of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This study examines the recommendations of the Correctional Center as a judge's consideration in making decisions against children who abuse narcotics. The research method used in this research is descriptive analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the correctional center in juvenile criminal justice and the recommendations of the correctional center as a judge's consideration in making decisions against children who abuse narcotics. Correctional Centers have an important role in the success of the juvenile criminal justice system, namely by providing assistance, guidance, coaching, and supervision of children who are dealing with the law The goal of the juvenile justice system can be achieved maximally, namely to ensure the protection of the best interests of the child. In making a decision on a child who abuses narcotics, the Judge has considered the recommendation of the Correctional Center, but the judge did not heed the recommendation of the Correctional Center. This can be seen in several decisions in cases of child drug abusers who are still sentenced to prison by the judge, where the recommendations of the Correctional Center tend to suggest imposing sanctions of treatment against children. The judge should give priority to the best interests of the child to avoid imprisonment as referred to in the recommendation of the Correctional Center by using the independence and freedom of the judge