Reflections [Complete issue : Fourth Quarter 2002]

Publishing History: Print issues of Reflections magazine were published from 1975 to 1999 and its successor, Reflections on Nursing Leadership (RNL) began publication in 2000. RNL migrated to an online format, http://www.reflectionsonnursingleadership.org, in 2006 and continues today. RNL is a member benefit of the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI). The historical print issues have been made openly available. Publishing Frequency: Quarterly until its transition to online. It’s now updated virtually every day. Format: Print, 1975 - 2005; Online, 2006 - present Feature Articles in this Issue: Remembering Nurse Nancy The Girl Who Knew Too Much: Pollyanna Wises Up What Would Florence Do? Nursing Takes the Lead: Evidence-based Practice in Australia Nursing, Midwifery and Health Policy in Ireland Industrial Pollution: A Nurse Fights Back Nursing and Developmental Sustainability: A Personal Reflection We Were There When It Happened Community Nurse Practitioner: New Direction for Health-care Reform in Thailand Serving the Underserved Through Research This issue of Reflections is fifty-four pages in length and contains information of interest to STTI members

Economics of reproductive and infant health : an annotated bibliography from 1980 to 1993

For the foreseeable future, public health professionals can expect fiscal concerns to heavily influence health and prevention policies. Without a thorough understanding of the costs and the impact of health services, we run the risk of losing resources to provide these services. No matter how compelling the arguments of need, equity, or compassion are, policymakers will need evidence of economic efficiency to accompany information on health improvement. Without such cost-related data, those of us who advocate for the health and well-being of women and children will be diminished in our effectiveness.To address this need, the Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has assembled relevant literature on economic issues in reproductive health. This annotated bibliography covers published reports from 1980 to 1993 and includes 266 abstracted articles and 238 additional references. It addresses a wide range of concerns in women's and children's health and presents studies on cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost utility, and other economic analyses. Along with studies of specific conditions, it includes articles related to methodology in economic analysis that will aid us all in becoming more informed users of economic reports. Although our literature search may not have identified all relevant material, we believe that this bibliography provides useful information on the state of knowledge in this field as it relates to reproductive health

26th International Nursing Research Congress 2015 Conference Proceedings

The Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) conducted its 26th International Nursing Research Congress in San Juan, Puerto Rico from 23-27 July 2015. More than 800 nurses from around the world gathered at the congress, which had as its theme Question Locally, Engage Regionally, Apply Globally. These conference proceedings are a collection of abstracts submitted by the authors and presented at the research congress. To promptly disseminate the information and ideas, participants submitted descriptive information and abstracts of at least 300, but no more than 1,500 words. Each oral and poster presentation abstract was peer-reviewed in a double-blind process in which three scholars used specific scoring criteria to judge the abstracts inaccordance with the requirements of STTI\u27s Guidelines for Electronic Abstract Submission. This PDF ebook is amazingly searchable. In reflection of that, you will not find a lot of internal linking. Simply select the search option and type any search keyword or name you want to explore. Finally, the opinions, advice, and information contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of STTI or its members. The enhanced abstracts provided in these proceedings were taken directly from authors\u27 submissions, without alteration. While all due care was taken in the compilation of these proceedings, STTI does not warrant that the information is free from errors or omission, or accept any liability in relation to the quality, accuracy, and currency of the information. Format for Citing Papers Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Title of conference proceedings (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Smith, C. C. (2015). Nursing research and global impact. In Engaging Colleagues: Improving Global Health Outcomes: Proceedings of the 25th International Nursing Research Congress (pp. xxx-xxx). Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.https://www.sigmarepository.org/book_excerpts/1024/thumbnail.jp

Constructing cultural diversity: a study of framing clients and culture in a community health centre

202 p. ; 29 cm.Introduction The clinical community in Western society has long practised medicine as organized by "two dominant principles: 1) the principle of essentialism which states that there is a fixed "natural" border between disease and health, and 2) the principle of specific treatment which states that having revealed a disease, the doctor can, at least in principle, find the one, correct treatment. These principles have served as the legitimization of the traditional, hierarchical organization of health-care" (Jensen, 1987:19). A main feature of medical practices based on these principles has been to address specific kinds of problems impeding or decaying health. This research is centrally concerned with essentialism and the institutional fixation of problems as two important nodal points of Canada's biomedical value and belief system. More specifically, I hope to show in an organized way how these principles shape staff knowledge of client and culture in a community health centre (CHC) in Lethbridge, Alberta. My analysis is based on four guiding points: 1) that in our polyethnic society health care institutions are massively challenged with actual and perceived cultural diversity and cross cultural barriers to which their staff feel increasingly obliged to respond with their services; 2) while the client cultural diversity is "real", institutional responses depend primarily on how that diversity is imagined by staff -often as a threat to a health institution's sociocultural world; 3) that problem-specific, medicalized thinking is central in this community health centre, even though its mandate is health promotion and this problem orientation often combines with medical essentialism to reduce "culturally different" to a set of client labels, some of which are problematic; and 4) while a "lifestyle model" and other models for health promotion are at present widely advocated and are to be found centrally in this institution's (CHC) charter, they have led to little institutional accomodation to cultural diversity. In this thesis my aim is to present an ethnographic portrait of a community health centre, where emphasis is given to the distinctive formal and informal "formative processess" (Good 1994) of social construction of certain perceived common core challenges facing the Canadian biomedical community today - challenges concerning cultural difference and its incorporation into health care perception and practice. I am particularly interested in institutions subscribing to a "health promotion model" of health care, a term I have borrowed from Ewles and Simnett (1992). Ewles and Simnett descrive the meaning of "health promotion" as earlier defined by WHO (World Health Organization): this perspective is derived from a conception of "health" as the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the on hand, to realise aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities (Ewles & Simnett, 1992:20) Health is therefore concerned with "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" (Ewles and Simnett, 1992:6), I am interested in determing how threats to this defintion prevail in a community health centre's ideology of preventive care, and how that ideology encodes dimensions of diversity. I, however, want to go much further than this by exploring everyday staff discourse and practice, to understand how client cultural diversity is formed and informed by what staff do and say. How, in short, do individuals based in a health promotion organization socially construct their clients as objects of institutional concern? We need, as Young (1982) suggest, "to examine the social condition of knowledge production" in an institutionalized health care service provision subculture. There are, I believe, also practical reasons for conducting this research. Over the past ten years the Canadian health care system increasingly has had to focus on two potentially contradictory goals: reducing costs, and lessening persistent inequalities in health status among key groups and categories of persons in the Canadian population. Many now argue that one of the most central dimensions of the latter - of perisistent health inequalities in Canada - is ethnocultural. Few would seriously argue, for example, that Canadian First Nation health statistics are anything but appalling. Moreover, radical changes in immigration patterns over the past three decades have greatly increased urban Canadian cultural diversity. Caring "at home" now assumes international dimensions (McAdoo, 1993; Butrin, 1992; Buchignani, 1991; Indra, 1991, 1987; Galanti, 1991; Dobson, 1991; Waxler-Morrison, 1990; Quereshi, 1989). A growing voiced desire to provide more pluralistic health care and health care promotion has become persistently heard throughout the clinical community in Canada (Krepps and Kunimoto, 1994; Masi, 1993). Even so, for many health professionals cultural difference evidently remians either irrelevant or a threat to the established order of things. Applied research on health care institutions undertaken to investigate how better to meet these challenges nevrtheless remains very incomplete and highly concentrated in two broad areas. One of these is structural factors within the institution that limit cross-cultural access (Herzfeld, 1992; Hanson, 1980). Some of these studies have shown the prevalence of a strictly conservative institutional culture that frequently makes frontline agency workers gate-keeprs, who actively (if unconsciously) maintain client-institution stratification (Ervin, 1993; Demain, 1989; Ng, 1987; Murphy, 1987; Foster-Carter, 1987; de Voe 1981). In addition, extensive research has been conducted on disempowered minority groups. This research has examined the frequency, effectiveness and manner with which ethnic and Native groups make use of medical services. Some institutional research on cross-cultral issues shows that under appropriate conditions health professional like nurses have responded effectively to client needs by establishing culturally sensitive hiring and training policies and by restructuring their health care organizations (Terman, 1993; Henderson, 1992; Davis, 1992; Henkle, 1990; Burner, 1990). Though promising, this research remains radically insufficient for learning purposes. In particular, little work has been done on how such institutions come to "think" (Douglas, 1986) about cultural difference, form mandates in response to pressure to better address culturally different populations and work them into the institution's extant sub-cultral ideas and practice (Habarad, 1987; Leininger, 1978), or on how helping instiutions categorize key populations such as "Indians" or "Vietnamese" as being culturally different, or assign to each a suite of institutionally meaningful cultural attributes (as what becomes the institution's working sense of what is, say, "Vietnamese culture"). This is so despite the existence of a long and fruitful ethnographic institutional research tradition, grounded initially in theories of status and role (Frankel, 1988; Taylor, 1970; Parson, 1951), symbolic ineractionism (Goffman, 1967, 1963, 1961), ethnomethodology (Garfinkle, 1975), and organizational subcultures (Douglas, 1992, 1986, 1982; Abegglen & Stalk, 1985; Ohnuki-Tierney, 1984; Teski, 1981; Blumers, 1969). More recent work on anthropological social exchange theory (Barth, 1981), on institutional and societal discipline (Herzfeld, 1992; Foucault, 1984, 1977), on the institution-client interface (Shield, 1988; Schwartzman, 1987, Ashworth, 1977, 1976, 1975), and on framing the client (Hazan, 1994; Denzin, 1992; Howard, 1991; Goffman, 1974). I also hope that this study makes a contribution to the study of health care and diversity in southern Alberta. Small city ethnic relations in Canada have been almost systematically ignored by researchers, and similar research has not been conducted in this part of Alberta. Local diversity is significant: three very large Indian reserves are nearby, and the city itself has a diverse ethnic, linguistic and ethno-religious population. Also, significant province wide restructuring of health care delivery was and is ongoing, offering both the pitfalls and potentials of quick institutional change. Perhaps some of the findings can contribute to making the future system more responsive to diversity than the present one

Sigma Theta Tau International 43rd Biennial Convention 2015 Conference Proceedings

The Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) conducted its 43rd Biennial Convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA from 7-11 November 2015. More than 2,000 nurses from around the world gathered at the convention, which had as its theme “Serve Locally, Transform Regionally, Lead Globally.†Program objectives of the 43rd Biennial Convention include: Identify strategies that promote collaboration in interprofessional initiatives Enrich the achievement of knowledge, leadership, and professional service to promote and sustain collaboration amongst diverse communities Explore innovative strategies to promote excellence in global nursing Enhance clinical, patient, and educational outcomes through transformative nursing practice This PDF ebook is amazingly searchable. In reflection of that, you will not find a lot of internal linking. Simply select the search option and type any search keyword or name you want to explore. These conference proceedings are a collection of abstracts submitted by the authors and presented at the convention. To promptly disseminate the information and ideas, participants submitted descriptive information and abstracts of at least 300, but no more than 1,500 words. Each oral and poster presentation abstract was peer-reviewed in a double-blind process in which three scholars used specific scoring criteria to judge the abstracts in accordance with the requirements of STTI’s Guidelines for Electronic Abstract Submission. Finally, the opinions, advice, and information contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of STTI or its members. The enhanced abstracts provided in these proceedings were taken directly from authors’ submissions, without alteration. While all due care was taken in the compilation of these proceedings, STTI does not warrant that the information is free from errors or omission, or accept any liability in relation to the quality, accuracy, and currency of the information. Format for Citing Papers Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Title of conference proceedings (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Smith, C. C. (2016). Nursing research and global impact. In Sigma Theta Tau International 43rd Biennial Convention 2015 Conference Proceedings (pp. xxx–xxx). Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.https://www.sigmarepository.org/book_excerpts/1043/thumbnail.jp

A Charge to Keep : Brewster Hospital, Brewster Methodist Hospital, Brewster Hospital School of Nursing, Brewster-Duval School of Nursing, 1901-1966

A great loss was felt by the Black community in Jacksonville when Brewster Hospital School of Nursing and Brewster-Duval School of Nursing closed. The closing of the schools was followed by the phasing out of Brewster Methodist Hospital, the only private hospital for Negroes in Jacksonville, Florida. Integration contributed to the closing of the schools and the hospital. The Brewster and Community Nurses Alumni Association voted to preserve the history of the schools of nursing and the hospital by recording it in book form. The History Committee was appointed. Research, collection, and categorization of information and materials were initiated. Research for the book has come by word of mouth, personal experiences, written articles, library sources, hospital records, nurses, doctors, patients, citizens and women of The Methodist Church. We want to show how the sick were cared for then and who did the caring from the early nineteen hundreds through the nineteen sixties. The women of the Methodist Episcopal Church, North, and the Division of Christian Service who made the school and hospital a reality, we acknowledge gratefully. PALMM.https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/northeast_fla_books/1000/thumbnail.jp

Estimação de risco relativo e razão de prevalência com desfecho binário

O risco relativo (RR) e a razão de prevalência (RP) são medidas de associação que visam mensurar a relação de um desfecho binário e variáveis de exposição em estudos com delineamento coorte e transversal, respectivamente. Nos casos em que há variáveis de confusão ou um fator de exposição contínuo, a associação pode ser estimada através de métodos específicos, tais como regressão de Poisson, regressão log-binomial, análise estratificada e conversão de Zhang e Yu. A regressão logística tem sido extensivamente usada para estimar a razão de chances (RC), a qual muitas vezes é interpretada como RR ou RP. Quando a incidência/prevalência do desfecho não é < 10% a RC produz estimativas de RC próximas à RP e RR. Porém, se o desfecho for comum (³ 10%), a RC superestima a RP e o RR. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão em 10 revistas da área médica, para verificar a constância da utilização dos métodos que estimam a RP ou RR e a interpretação da RC como RP e RR. Foram selecionados um total de 333 artigos do ano de 2007 e 381 artigos de 2008 com desfecho binário. Entre os estudos de coorte e transversal, 76,2% aplicaram regressão logística e destes, 18,1% em 2007 e 14,7% em 2008 interpretaram a RC como RR ou RP No caso desses estudos, seria aconselhável utilizar um modelo que estime diretamente essas medidas para evitar interpretação equivocadas. Uma vez que a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta e a regressão log-binomial são disponibilizadas em diversos pacotes estatísticos, não há mais motivos para não utilizálos.Relative Risk (RR) and Prevalence Ratio (PR) are association measures that aim to measure respectively the relation between an outcome binary and an exhibition variables in study of cohort and cross-sectional design. In the cases that there are confounding variables or a factor of e continuous exhibition, the association can be estimated by specific methods such as Poisson Regression, log-binomial regression stratified analyses and conversions proposed by Zhang & Yu. The logistic regression has been widely used to estimate Odds Ratio (OR) which, several times, is interpreted as RR or PR. When the incidence/prevalence of the outcome is not < 10% it produces estimation of OR similar to PR and RR. However, if the outcome is common (³ 10%) the OR overestimates the PR and the RR. However, this study has the objective to present a review in 10 journals of Medicine to verify the constancy of the application of methods that estimate the PR or RR and the interpretation of OR as PR and RR. It was selected a sum of 333 articles from 2007 and 381 articles from 2008 that estimated OR to be RR or PR with binary outcome. Between cohort and cross-sectional studies, 76.2% applied logistic regression and, among these, 18.1% in 2007 and 14.7% in 2008 interpreted OR as PR and RR In these studies should be used a model that estimate directly in order to avoid misinterpretations. Once the Poisson regression with robust variance and the log-binominal regression are available from many statistic packages, there is no reason to not use them