1,061 research outputs found

    Universal thermal climate index in the Arctic in an era of climate change: Alaska and Chukotka as a case study

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    The modern unambiguous climate change reveals in a rapid increase of air temperature, which is more distinctly expressed in the Arctic than in any other part of the world, affecting people health and well-being. The main objective of the current research is to explore the inter- and intra-annual changes in thermal stress for people in the Arctic, specifically for two parts of Beringia: Alaska, USA, and Chukotka, Russia, using climatology of the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). Data for 39 locations are taken from the ERA5-HEAT reanalysis for the period 1979–2020. Climatologically, the study area is divided into four subregions in Alaska: North, Interior, West and South, and two in Chukotka: Interior and Coast. The extreme coldest UTCI categories (1 and 2) are most common in coastal locations of northern Alaska and Chukotka, where strong winds exacerbate the low temperatures during winter. The results show that the frequency of category 1 (UTCI<−40°C) varies spatially from a quarter of all hours annually in Alaska North to almost zero in Alaska South. On the other hand, the warmest categories are rarely reached almost everywhere in Alaska and Chukotka, and even categories 7 and 8 (UTCI between +26 and +38°C) are found occasionally only at interior locations. Category 6 with no thermal stress (UTCI between +9 and+26°C) has frequencies up to 3% and 25% in Alaska North and Interior, respectively. The extremely cold thermal stress frequencies have substantially decreased over the 1979–2020 period, especially in Alaska North and Chukotka Coast. At the same time, the number of hours with UTCI in the comfortable category of thermal perception has increased depending on subregion, from 25 to 203 h/year. Overall, a decrease in the UTCI categories of extremely cold stress is coupled with an increase in the comfortable range in both Alaska and Chukotka. The salient conclusion is that, from the point of view of comfort and safety, global warming has a positive impact on the climatology of thermal stress in the Arctic, providing advantages for the development of tourism and recreation.Peer Reviewe

    Spatio-temporal correlation of extreme climate indices and river flood discharges

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    The occurrence of floods is strongly related to specific climatic conditions that favor extreme precipitation events. Although the impact of precipitation and temperature patterns on river flows is a well discussed topic in hydrology, few studies have focused on the rainfall and temperature extremes in their relation with peak discharges. This work presents a comparative analysis of Climate Change Indices (ETCCDI) annual time series, calculated using the NorthWestern Italy Optimal Interpolation (NWIOI) dataset, and annual maximum flows in the Piedmont Region. The Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine which indices are temporally correlated with peak discharges, allowing to hypothesize the main physical processes involved in the production of floods. The correlation hypothesis was verified with the Spearman’s rank correlation test, considering a Student’s t-distribution with a 5% significance level. Moreover, the influence of climate variability on the tendency of annual maximum discharges was examined by correlating trends of climate indices with trends of the discharge series. These were calculated using the Theil-Sen slope estimator and tested with the Mann-Kendall test at the 5% significance level. The results highlight that while extreme precipitation indices are highly correlated with extreme discharges at the annual timescale, the interannual changes of extreme discharges may be better explained by the interannual changes of the total annual precipitation. This suggests that projections of the annual precipitation may be used as covariates for non-stationary flood frequency analysis

    Rethinking Arctic tourism : tourists’ practices and perceptions of the Arctic in Rovaniemi

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    AbstractThe Arctic is facing rapid and significant social, cultural, economic and environmental changes. In recent years, due to ongoing and forecasted climate change impacts, policy-makers’ and the research community’s interest in the region has increased dramatically within and outside of Arctic countries. This is reflected in increasing public visibility and in the amount of attention the Arctic region has gained in the media. In parallel, tourism in the Arctic has undergone considerable growth and the Arctic is emerging as a popular destination, although tourism in the Arctic has existed for over two centuries. Nevertheless, Arctic tourism is a concept that has been substantially used in academic literature, policy documents, and tourism promotion materials, although there is no current consensus on its definition. The term, often taken for granted, generally refers to tourism in and about the Arctic, wherein the Arctic is characterized by static and external views, overlooking its rich diversity in terms of cultures, landscapes, climates and environments. In this study, my interest is in the (re)conceptualization of Arctic tourism, based on studies about tourist experiences at the Arctic Circle in Rovaniemi, the capital of Finnish Lapland.This thesis contributes to literature on tourist experiences in the Arctic, a topic that has not received a lot of attention in the past, but one that has significant relevance in terms of tourists’ decision-making in response to Arctic communities’ efforts to attract visitors and stimulate regional tourism development. By addressing tourist experiences and border literature, this study also contributes to conceptual discussions on Arctic tourism. This dissertation focuses on the Arctic Circle both as a tourist attraction and as a border for the Arctic region. It aims to shed light on tourists’ practices and experiences of the Arctic in Rovaniemi and to understand ‘how Arctic’ this important destination is. The chosen case study did not consist of a simple location, but of a specific ritual performed and reproduced by tourists: the crossing of the Arctic Circle. In the tourism industry, Arctic Circle landmarks are commonly represented as gateways to the Arctic, and crossing the line signifies entering the region. As such, this particular performance crystallizes tourists’ representations of the Arctic. This study aims to investigate these crystalized representations and is based on empirical materials consisting of qualitative data gathered from multiple ethnographies and secondary materials comprising academic literature, policy documents and promotional tourism materials. Traditional on-site ethnography was conducted through methods inspired by participant observation at different Arctic Circle landmarks located in Rovaniemi. Netnography was aimed at investigating post-trip experiences of crossing the Arctic Circle as reported on Instagram, and autoethnography was used for the purpose of self-reflection related to my Arctic experiences as a tourist. Qualitative data were analyzed from an interpretative approach, and especially using hermeneutics, in order to understand the meanings behind Instagram posts and specific postures when crossing the Arctic Circle.The results indicate that in Rovaniemi, from the tourist perspective, the Arctic is experienced as a nebulous region with no proper boundaries. Tourists do not perceive the Arctic Circle as an absolute border for the Arctic, despite heavy promotion and the performance of border-crossing postures. Rather, the magical line is considered as one of the many items encompassed by the vague representation of what the Arctic is. Other elements like the presence of snow, reindeer and northern lights are also all part of what a full Arctic experience is supposed to be. This suggests that, from the tourist perspective, proper Arctic experiences should be winter-based, which is the foundation for the ‘cryospheric gaze’ developed in this thesis as the definition for current Arctic tourism. The cryospheric gaze, grounded in Urry’s tourist gaze, is also supported by how the Santa Claus tourism industry, highly present in Rovaniemi, extracts and exploits winter-based elements of the Arctic for its own promotion and development. In order to acknowledge the diversity of the Arctic, I argue for a fluidity in space and time of the tourism segment called Arctic tourism. Toward the end of the thesis, the future of Arctic tourism is discussed in relation to climate change and the development of ‘post-Arctic regions’. It explores challenges in terms of equal access to snow, of stereotypical images of the Arctic becoming burdensome for local communities and how current forms of Arctic tourism can still be offered to tourists in ‘cryosphericless’ regions that have built themselves into Arctic tourism destinations.Original papersSaarinen, J., & Varnajot, A. (2019). The Arctic in tourism: complementing and contesting perspectives on tourism in the Arctic. Polar Geography, 42(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937x.2019.1578287Self-archived versionVarnajot, A. (2019). “Walk the line”: An ethnographic study of the ritual of crossing the Arctic Circle—Case Rovaniemi. Tourist Studies, 19(4), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797619836546Self-archived versionVarnajot, A. (2019). Digital Rovaniemi: contemporary and future arctic tourist experiences. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-01-2019-0009Self-archived versionHerva, V.-P., Varnajot, A., & Pashkevich, A. (2020). Bad Santa: cultural heritage, mystification of the Arctic, and tourism as an extractive industry. The Polar Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2020.1783775Self-archived versionOsajulkaisutSaarinen, J., & Varnajot, A. (2019). The Arctic in tourism: complementing and contesting perspectives on tourism in the Arctic. Polar Geography, 42(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937x.2019.1578287Rinnakkaistallennettu versioVarnajot, A. (2019). “Walk the line”: An ethnographic study of the ritual of crossing the Arctic Circle—Case Rovaniemi. Tourist Studies, 19(4), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797619836546Rinnakkaistallennettu versioVarnajot, A. (2019). Digital Rovaniemi: contemporary and future arctic tourist experiences. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-01-2019-0009Rinnakkaistallennettu versioHerva, V.-P., Varnajot, A., & Pashkevich, A. (2020). Bad Santa: cultural heritage, mystification of the Arctic, and tourism as an extractive industry. The Polar Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2020.1783775Rinnakkaistallennettu versioAcademic Dissertation to be presented with the permission of the Doctoral Training Committee for Human Sciences of the University of Oulu Graduate School (UniOGS), for public discussion in the lecture hall L10, on the 4th of September, 2020, at 15 afternoon.Abstract The Arctic is facing rapid and significant social, cultural, economic and environmental changes. In recent years, due to ongoing and forecasted climate change impacts, policy-makers’ and the research community’s interest in the region has increased dramatically within and outside of Arctic countries. This is reflected in increasing public visibility and in the amount of attention the Arctic region has gained in the media. In parallel, tourism in the Arctic has undergone considerable growth and the Arctic is emerging as a popular destination, although tourism in the Arctic has existed for over two centuries. Nevertheless, Arctic tourism is a concept that has been substantially used in academic literature, policy documents, and tourism promotion materials, although there is no current consensus on its definition. The term, often taken for granted, generally refers to tourism in and about the Arctic, wherein the Arctic is characterized by static and external views, overlooking its rich diversity in terms of cultures, landscapes, climates and environments. In this study, my interest is in the (re)conceptualization of Arctic tourism, based on studies about tourist experiences at the Arctic Circle in Rovaniemi, the capital of Finnish Lapland. This thesis contributes to literature on tourist experiences in the Arctic, a topic that has not received a lot of attention in the past, but one that has significant relevance in terms of tourists’ decision-making in response to Arctic communities’ efforts to attract visitors and stimulate regional tourism development. By addressing tourist experiences and border literature, this study also contributes to conceptual discussions on Arctic tourism. This dissertation focuses on the Arctic Circle both as a tourist attraction and as a border for the Arctic region. It aims to shed light on tourists’ practices and experiences of the Arctic in Rovaniemi and to understand ‘how Arctic’ this important destination is. The chosen case study did not consist of a simple location, but of a specific ritual performed and reproduced by tourists: the crossing of the Arctic Circle. In the tourism industry, Arctic Circle landmarks are commonly represented as gateways to the Arctic, and crossing the line signifies entering the region. As such, this particular performance crystallizes tourists’ representations of the Arctic. This study aims to investigate these crystalized representations and is based on empirical materials consisting of qualitative data gathered from multiple ethnographies and secondary materials comprising academic literature, policy documents and promotional tourism materials. Traditional on-site ethnography was conducted through methods inspired by participant observation at different Arctic Circle landmarks located in Rovaniemi. Netnography was aimed at investigating post-trip experiences of crossing the Arctic Circle as reported on Instagram, and autoethnography was used for the purpose of self-reflection related to my Arctic experiences as a tourist. Qualitative data were analyzed from an interpretative approach, and especially using hermeneutics, in order to understand the meanings behind Instagram posts and specific postures when crossing the Arctic Circle. The results indicate that in Rovaniemi, from the tourist perspective, the Arctic is experienced as a nebulous region with no proper boundaries. Tourists do not perceive the Arctic Circle as an absolute border for the Arctic, despite heavy promotion and the performance of border-crossing postures. Rather, the magical line is considered as one of the many items encompassed by the vague representation of what the Arctic is. Other elements like the presence of snow, reindeer and northern lights are also all part of what a full Arctic experience is supposed to be. This suggests that, from the tourist perspective, proper Arctic experiences should be winter-based, which is the foundation for the ‘cryospheric gaze’ developed in this thesis as the definition for current Arctic tourism. The cryospheric gaze, grounded in Urry’s tourist gaze, is also supported by how the Santa Claus tourism industry, highly present in Rovaniemi, extracts and exploits winter-based elements of the Arctic for its own promotion and development. In order to acknowledge the diversity of the Arctic, I argue for a fluidity in space and time of the tourism segment called Arctic tourism. Toward the end of the thesis, the future of Arctic tourism is discussed in relation to climate change and the development of ‘post-Arctic regions’. It explores challenges in terms of equal access to snow, of stereotypical images of the Arctic becoming burdensome for local communities and how current forms of Arctic tourism can still be offered to tourists in ‘cryosphericless’ regions that have built themselves into Arctic tourism destinations

    Developing climate services for surfing activity

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    Aquesta tesi representa una contribuciĂł metodolĂČgica i un pas endavant cap al desenvolupament de Serveis ClimĂ tics pel surf. Els serveis climĂ tics pretenen entregar informaciĂł climĂ tica als seus usuaris. La informaciĂł que s’entregui ha d’ajudar als individuals i a les organitzacions a implementar decisions climĂ ticament intel·ligents. El Marc Global pels Serveis ClimĂ tics afirma que equipar als decision makers dels sectors climĂ ticament sensibles ajuda a la societat a adaptar-se a la variabilitat i al canvi del clima. Aquest marc global va establir cinc Ă rees d’actuaciĂł prioritĂ ria: agricultura, seguretat alimentĂ ria; reducciĂł de riscos, energia, salut i aigua. Tot i amb aixĂČ, els serveis climĂ tics es poden desenvolupar per altres sectors, com ara el turisme. Aquesta tesi es centra en el desenvolupament d’un servei climĂ tic pel turisme del surf, fet que no s’ha intentat abans, segons el nostre coneixement. Per a fer-ho, primerament s’identifiquen les condicions atmosfĂšriques i oceĂ niques que influeixen la prĂ ctica de surf. AixĂČ segueix la recerca anterior i, com a resultat, s’obtenen els dies esperats de surf per any per aquells surf spots mĂ©s rellevants a la PenĂ­nsula IbĂšrica. Aquest indicador es validat a travĂ©s de la construcciĂł d’un benchmark basat amb ciĂšncia ciutadana, integrat per sessions de surf registrades. DesprĂ©s, per comprendre les necessitats actuals d’informaciĂł climĂ tica i meteorolĂČgica per part d’usuaris i empreses involucrades amb l’activitat del surf, s’ha desenvolupat i analitzat una enquesta en lĂ­nia. Finalment, responent a les necessitats identificades en el pas anterior, un dataset amotsfĂšric- oceĂ nic amb alta resoluciĂł espacial s’ha desenvolupat a travĂ©s d’un downscaling hĂ­brid. TambĂ© s’han dissenyat una sĂšrie d’indicadors per recomanat sobre l’activitat en les destinacions turĂ­stiques. Per a veure el potencial d’aplicaciĂł d’aquests indicadors, s’han testejat a Somo (Cantabria, Espanya), un pioner i reconegut surf spot d’Espanya.Esta tesis representa una contribuciĂłn metodolĂłgica y un paso hacia delante para el desarrollo de Servicios ClimĂĄticos para el surf. Los servicios climĂĄticos pretenden entregar informaciĂłn climĂĄtica a sus usuarios. La informaciĂłn que se entregue tiene que ayudar a los individuales y a las organizaciones a implementar decisiones climĂĄticamente inteligentes. El Marco Global por los Servicios ClimĂĄticos afirmar que equipar los decisiĂłn makers de los sectores climĂĄticamente sensitivos ayuda a la sociedad a adaptarse a la variabilidad y al cambio del clima. Este marco global estableciĂł cinco ĂĄreas de actuaciĂłn prioritaria: agricultura, seguridad alimentaria, reducciĂłn de riesgos, energĂ­a, salud y agua. Aun asĂ­, los servicios climĂĄticos se pueden desarrollar para otros sectores, como ahora el turismo. Esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo de un servicio climĂĄtico para el turismo de surf, hecho que no se ha intentado antes, segĂșn nuestro conocimiento. Para llevarlo a cabo, primeramente, se identifican las condiciones atmosfĂ©ricas y oceĂĄnicas que influyen en la practica de surf. Esto sigue la investigaciĂłn anterior y, como resultado, se obtienen los dĂ­as esperados de surf por año para aquellos surf spots mĂĄs relevantes en la PenĂ­nsula IbĂ©rica. Este indicador es validado a travĂ©s de la construcciĂłn de un benchmark basado con ciencia ciudadana, integrado por sesiones de surf registradas. DespuĂ©s, para comprender las necesidades actuales de informaciĂłn climĂĄtica y meteorolĂłgica por parte de los usuarios y las empresas involucradas con la actividad de surf, se ha desarrollado y analizado un cuestionario en lĂ­nea. Finalmente, respondiendo a las necesidades identificadas en el paso anterior, un dataset atmosfĂ©rico-oceĂĄnico con altra resoluciĂłn espacial se ha desarrollado a travĂ©s de un downscaling hĂ­brido. TambiĂ©n se han diseñado una serie de indicadores para recomendar sobre la actividad en las destinaciones turĂ­sticas. Para ver el potencial de aplicaciĂłn de estos indicadores, se han testeado a Somo (Cantabria, España), un pionero y reconocido surf spot de España.This thesis represents a methodological contribution and a step forward towards the development of climate services for surf. Climate services aim to deliver climate information their users. The information provided must help individuals and organizations to implement climate-smart decisions. The Global Framework for Climate Services states that it equips decision-makers in climate-sensitive sectors to help society to adapt to climate variability and change. This global framework established five priority areas of action: agriculture and food security; disaster risk reduction; energy; health; and water. However, climate services can be developed for other sectors, such as tourism. In this thesis we focus on the development of a climate service for surf tourism, which has not attempted before, to our best knowledge. To do so, we first identify the atmospheric and oceanic conditions influencing the practice of surfing. This relies on the previous research and, as a result, we obtain the expected surfing days per year are for the most relevant surf spots in the Iberian Peninsula. This is indicator is validated constructing a citizen science based benchmark, integrated by recorded surfing sessions. Next, to apprehend the actual needs for meteorological and climatic information by users and companies involved in surfing activity we develop and analyze an online survey. Finally, responding the necessities identified in the previous steep, an atmospheric-oceanic database with high spatial resolution is developed through a hybrid downscaling approach. A series of indicators are also designed to advise on the activity in tourist destinations. To ascertain the potential application of these indicators, we test them over Somo (Cantabria, Spain), a pioneer and world-known surf Spot in Spain

    Managing Climate Change and Weather Extremes for Nature-based Tourism Organizations in the United States

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    Weather and climate serve as profound motivators for tourism travels. Much of the United States (US) has experienced a warming trend as well as higher extreme weather frequency, and the trends are projected to be continued. Consequently, the changing climate is expected to have both direct and indirect impacts on tourism decision-making and travel patterns due to the complex relationship between climate, weather, and outdoor recreation. Climate resources capture the integrated effects of varied meteorological variables that interact with humans in different ways and can be categorized along a spectrum of quantifiable values. This dissertation proposed a Camping Climate Index that considers the uniqueness of the nature-based tourism segment interaction with climate variables, as well as explored the impact of climate variability on nature-based tourism organizations in the United States. Chapter 2 used a data-driven method that combines revealed tourists\u27 travel behaviors and multifaceted climate variables to mathematically developed a camping sector-specific climate index. The novel index is validated with 29 for-profit campgrounds across the United States. Chapter 3 examined the feasibility and application of the tourism climate index approach to the nature-based tourism for non-profit organizations in the United States. This study has advanced the understanding of the nuance among the nature-based tourism segments and facilitates the assessment the climate resources for tourism decision-making and sustainable management. Results show that the Camping Climate Index is more predictive of visitation, recreational vehicle camping, and tent camping compared to other indices, though not for all locations or tourism activities. Chapter 4 expand the study scope and explored the climate resources of entire contiguous United States. Climate change analyses have shown signals of either beneficial or adverse change in terms of climate resources for nature-based tourism, as it relates to the warming trend and weather extremes in the United States. The final chapter provides a discussion of the findings, implications, future research, and conclusions

    Cryomobilities: Vessel mobilities amidst the ice-prone waters of the Bering Strait

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    In recent years, the overall decrease in sea ice and the increase in vessel traffic in the Arctic has raised questions over how to conceptualise vessel mobilities in icy ocean spaces. Drawing on the mobilities literature, this research turns to oceans and seas that sustain annual cycles of sea ice as an arena for exploring interactions between vessel mobilities and the mobilities of the (partially) frozen ocean amidst which they move. This thesis engages with the cryomobilities of the Bering Strait region through an interdisciplinary approach across human and physical geography, whereby “cryomobilities” refers not just to the mobile interactions between vessels and sea ice, but also points to the ways in which the vibrant and distinct materialities of our planet’s frozen oceans (as well as other cryoscapes) warrant dedicated and specific conceptualisations. Specifically, turning to icy ocean spaces raises questions for conceptualising entities in motion within an environmental that is itself also in motion. The Bering Strait region, located between Alaska and Siberia, comprises the ice-prone waters of the Bering and Chukchi Seas. By analysing interactions between vessels and sea ice in the Bering Strait region, this thesis explores how vessel mobilities are entangled with sea ice mobilities, and how these are experienced by people who engage with these mobilities in various ways. In order to analyse these multiple aspects of cryomobilities in the Bering Strait region, this thesis employs a mixed methods approach, combining spatial data analysis and interviews. Spatial data analysis uses sea-ice concentration and vessel traffic data from remote sensing to map and compare the interactions between the mobilities of sea ice and the mobilities of vessels between 2013 and 2022. Interviews with sea-ice scientists, sea-ice forecasters and people with on-ice and sailing experience explore the knowledge-making practices surrounding cryomobilities through embodied experience. The findings reveal how cryomobilities in the Bering Strait region are characterised by an avoidance of sea ice, with 95% of vessel traffic operating in open water. However, not all ships and not all sea-ice conditions are the same, as there are many diverse users of these varied and ever mobile icy-watery spaces, who all relate to sea-ice conditions in different ways. For example, tourist cruise ships, fishing vessels, drifting scientific stations and icebreaker vessel mobilities all rely in various ways on the presence – rather than the absence – of sea ice and its mobilities. Technological advances in shipbuilding are also enhancing the ice capabilities of ships and icebreakers such that, over the past decade (2013-2022), vessel traffic in ice-covered areas has been increasing at a faster rate than vessel traffic in open water. Cryomobilities are also influenced by the ways in which knowledge emerges through a combination of highly specific personal expertise, embodied experiences, and rigorous collection and analysis of scientific data about sea ice and vessel activities. By presenting a multifaceted and interdisciplinary perspective on cryomobilities in the Bering Strait region, this research pushes the boundaries of the existing mobilities literature, often dominated by terracentric and liquid-ocean accounts of mobilities. It also contributes to understanding vessel behaviour in ice-prone waters for informing present and future management of icy ocean spaces, especially in view of a warming climate

    Review of Biometeorology of Heatwaves and Warm Extremes in Europe

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    Numerous extreme heatwaves producing large impacts on human health, agriculture, water resources, energy demand, regional economies, and forest ecosystems occurred during the first twenty years of the 21st century. The present study strives to provide a systematic review of recent studies of warm biometeorological extremes in Europe. The main aim of this paper is to provide a methodical summary of the observed changes in warm extremes, duration, and variability in different parts of Europe. During the last decade, much attention has been paid to the negative impacts of heat and humidity on human health. Therefore, the human biometeorology is required to appraise the human thermal environment in a way that human thermoregulation is taken into account. In many European countries and regions, future heat exposure will indeed exceed critical levels, and a steep increase in biometeorological heatwaves and warm extremes are expected. The indices that take into account human energy balance along with weather conditions should be used to examine the impacts of extreme heatwaves on human health and should be used as a basis for the determination of acclimatization to high-heat-stress conditions. A detailed description of recent studies that have used biometeorological indices such as Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) for the estimation of warm extremes and their influence on human health is provided. Additionally, a short overview of the existence of the heat-health warning systems (HHWS), their conceptualization, and implementation across the European continent is considered, as well as the possibilities for further investigations and implementation of effective measures and programs that could reduce the adverse health impacts

    Governance of Arctic Shipping

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    This open access book is a result of the Dalhousie-led research project Safe Navigation and Environment Protection, supported by a grant from the Ocean Frontier Institute’s the Canada First Research Excellent Fund (CFREF). The book focuses on Arctic shipping and investigates how ocean change and anthropogenic impacts affect our understanding of risk, policy, management and regulation for safe navigation, environment protection, conflict management between ocean uses, and protection of Indigenous peoples’ interests. A rapidly changing Arctic as a result of climate change and ice loss is rendering the North more accessible, providing new opportunities while producing impacts on the Arctic. The book explores ideas for enhanced governance of Arctic shipping through risk-based planning, marine spatial planning and scaling up shipping standards for safety, environment protection and public health

    Adaptation and resilience

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