Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review

Indoor fire detection using gas chemical sensing has been a subject of investigation since the early nineties. This approach leverages the fact that, for certain types of fire, chemical volatiles appear before smoke particles do. Hence, systems based on chemical sensing can provide faster fire alarm responses than conventional smoke-based fire detectors. Moreover, since it is known that most casualties in fires are produced from toxic emissions rather than actual burns, gas-based fire detection could provide an additional level of safety to building occupants. In this line, since the 2000s, electrochemical cells for carbon monoxide sensing have been incorporated into fire detectors. Even systems relying exclusively on gas sensors have been explored as fire detectors. However, gas sensors respond to a large variety of volatiles beyond combustion products. As a result, chemical-based fire detectors require multivariate data processing techniques to ensure high sensitivity to fires and false alarm immunity. In this paper, we the survey toxic emissions produced in fires and defined standards for fire detection systems. We also review the state of the art of chemical sensor systems for fire detection and the associated signal and data processing algorithms. We also examine the experimental protocols used for the validation of the different approaches, as the complexity of the test measurements also impacts on reported sensitivity and specificity measures. All in all, further research and extensive test under different fire and nuisance scenarios are still required before gas-based fire detectors penetrate largely into the market. Nevertheless, the use of dynamic features and multivariate models that exploit sensor correlations seems imperative

Sensors for fire gas detectors

Considered in this paper are the possibilities to reduce energy consumption in semiconductor gas sensors with the purpose of their application in multichannel fire gas detectors and gas alarms with an independent power supply

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENDETEKSI KEBAKARAN BERBASIS IOT DAN SMS GATEWAY MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO

Fire is the occurrence of unwanted and difficult to control fires. Fires are not only caused by human or technical factors and even cause many victims, fires are also catastrophic events that occur unexpectedly when they occur. In order to mitigate the catastrophes that develop in outer space, this research can design, build, and test systems that can communicate directly over the Internet using IoT technology that sends data via SMS and telephone. This research allows the manufacture and improvement of detectors that have previously been tried with different tools and different versions. This test determines the performance of fire and smoke detectors, carried out 10 times at a distance of  is less than or equal to 35 cm. The detection system uses Arduino as the main component. a microcontroller that processes input data from two sensors, namely the smoke/gas sensor Mq-2 and the fire sensor Ky-026 as detectors for the two sensors. can be used as a fire alarm system, using the LCD screen as the output value, and the GSM SIM800L v1 module, used as an information service, automatically sends notifications as SMS to smartphones. Therefore, the higher the fire and smoke values tested, the more sensitive and the value increases. Therefore, this study concludes that the fire sensor Ky-026 and smoke sensor Mq-02 can detect distances up to is less than or equal to 35 cm. Data messages can be received within 7.2 second

Automatic Fire Detection: A Survey from Wireless Sensor Network Perspective

Automatic fire detection is important for early detection and promptly extinguishing fire. There are ample studies investigating the best sensor combinations and appropriate techniques for early fire detection. In the previous studies fire detection has either been considered as an application of a certain field (e.g., event detection for wireless sensor networks) or the main concern for which techniques have been specifically designed (e.g., fire detection using remote sensing techniques). These different approaches stem from different backgrounds of researchers dealing with fire, such as computer science, geography and earth observation, and fire safety. In this report we survey previous studies from three perspectives: (1) fire detection techniques for residential areas, (2) fire detection techniques for forests, and (3) contributions of sensor networks to early fire detection

Fire behavior and risk analysis in spacecraft

Practical risk management for present and future spacecraft, including space stations, involves the optimization of residual risks balanced by the spacecraft operational, technological, and economic limitations. Spacecraft fire safety is approached through three strategies, in order of risk: (1) control of fire-causing elements, through exclusion of flammable materials for example; (2) response to incipient fires through detection and alarm; and (3) recovery of normal conditions through extinguishment and cleanup. Present understanding of combustion in low gravity is that, compared to normal gravity behavior, fire hazards may be reduced by the absence of buoyant gas flows yet at the same time increased by ventilation flows and hot particle expulsion. This paper discusses the application of low-gravity combustion knowledge and appropriate aircraft analogies to fire detection, fire fighting, and fire-safety decisions for eventual fire-risk management and optimization in spacecraft

Progress in the development of a S RETGEM-based detector for an early forest fire warning system

In this paper we present a prototype of a Strip Resistive Thick GEM photosensitive gaseous detector filled with Ne and ethylferrocene vapours at a total pressure of 1 atm for an early forest fire detection system. Tests show that it is one hundred times more sensitive than the best commercial ultraviolet flame detectors and therefore, it is able to reliably detect a flame of 1.5x1.5x1.5 m3 at a distance of about 1km. An additional and unique feature of this detector is its imaging capability, which in combination with other techniques, may significantly reduce false fire alarms when operating in an automatic mode. Preliminary results conducted with air filled photosensitive gaseous detectors are also presented. The approach main advantages include both the simplicity of manufacturing and affordability of construction materials such as plastics and glues specifically reducing detector production cost. The sensitivity of these air filled detectors at certain conditions may be as high as those filled with Ne and EF. Long term test results of such sealed detectors indicate a significant progress in this direction. We believe that our detectors utilized in addition to other flame and smoke sensors will exceptionally increase the sensitivity of forest fire detection systems. Our future efforts will be focused on attempts to commercialize such detectors utilizing our aforementioned findings.Comment: Presented at the International Conference on Micropattern gaseous detectors, Crete, Greece, June 200

Fire protection and recompression systems for a hypobaric research chamber Final report, Jul. - Dec. 1967

Fire detection-extinguishment and automatic rapid recompression systems for hypobaric spacecraft cabin simulator

A quantitative approach to engineering fire life safety in modern underground coal mines

Emerging from a history of blanket approach prescriptive fire protection design, underground coal mining is rapidly embracing fire life safety analysis techniques that have been successfully used in performance-based fire engineering in the built environment. In Australia, the leading practice fire engineering approach is to apply the International Fire Engineering Guidelines (ABCB 2005) and its methods as a design assessment framework. This approach has recently been used to quantify the performance of mine fire detection and therefore control of fire spread, paving the way for improvements in mine fire intervention and mine worker escape. This paper presents a method of early fire detection using closed circuit television cameras and video analysis software associated with fixed plant fires leading to increased available safe evacuation time compared with contemporary point type fire detectors and gas monitoring sensors. Successful pilot tests of the fire detection technology have been carried out in simulated mine conditions. A quantified and scientifically informed risk-based approach, offering improvements in mine fire rescue intervention and evacuation methodologies was achieved

Identification of fire gases in early stages of fire in laboratory scaled and full scale fire experiments

A series of reduced scale emulations of standard fires in a 2 m3 enclosure have been developed for studies at laboratory scale enabling useful comparison and correlation with full scale EN54/7 and UL268 test fires. This makes study of standard test fire conditions and products substantially more accessible. The reduced scale test fire emulations have smoke obscuration characteristics matched to the fire standards and show acceptable matching of experimental CO levels Sensor, fire detector, and analytical studies have been carried out on test fires in the 2 m3 enclosure and in a full scale test room. Protocols were developed for capture of gas and vapours from fires on absorbent media and their subsequently desorption and analysis by GC/MS techniques. A data set of GC chromatograms has been generated for full and reduced scale test fires and for a number of non standard fire or false alarm related process including overheating of cooking oils and toasting bread. Analysis of mass spectrometry ion fragmentation spectra has been carried out and a wide range of products identified. Products occurring for a range of different fires include propene, benzene, and some polyaromatics. The value of the scaled test fire emulations has been demonstrated by monitoring response of a range of sensors, detectors and instruments including electrochemical gas sensor, experimental and conventional light scattering smoke detectors, and ion mobility measurement equipment (FAIMS). The study has provided information on fire characteristics and products to inform future research and development on fire detection technologies