The role of non-silver halide photosensitive processes in aerial photography.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThis investigation was undertaken in an effort to determine the possible application of Non-Silver Halide Photosensitive Processes to the field of aerial photography. The thesis is an analysis of the literature to determine if any of the processes is or shows promise of meeting these requirements: simple, dry and rapid, having wide temperature and nuclear radiation tolerances, and at the same time having suitable photographic response. Since this field is even wider than first expected, only materials that have caught the interest of commercial organizations have been reviewed. A complete list (grouped according to process) of all references is given in the bibliography. [TRUNCATED

The application of a non silver Halide process (Kalfax) to air photography

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThe purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitometric properties of a new non-silver halide photographic process called Kalfax. Development of this material is completely dry; it requires only applied heat. Special attention is focused on the Kalfax materials in regard to future military reconnaissance requirements of rapid in-flight processing and photographic materials that are immune to nuclear radiation. The Kalfax materials exhibit properties that fill many of these requirements. The information obtained from this investigation can be utilized for other applications where there is a need for a fast dry photographic process. A brief discussion of the Kalfax process is given to familiarize the reader with the light scattering technique to obtain optical density. The mechanics of using a photosensitive material in a polymeric vehicle to obtain the light scattering centers are explained. The striking differences between the nature of the Kalfax image and conventional silver image are discussed to enable understanding of different processes. The experimental procedure is outlined. A description of the equipment used for processing includes the sensitometer (exposing device) and the developer unit. Data is given for the ultraviolet sources used in the special sensitometers. The various types of heat sources that are useful for developing are examined. Several problems encountered in preliminary tests are described and analyzed. The major portion of this thesis is devoted to a detailed analysis of the photographic behavior of the Kalfax materials. The characteristic curves are given for the papers and films. A comparison is made between the high and low contrast Kalfax emulsions. Sepsitometric quantities such as fog, gamma, relative speed, maximum density and exposure range are given for each material. Printing densities, as well as, ultra violet densities are measured for the films. The true specular densities were determined in addition to the diffuse densities so the Callier factors could be computed. Because of the unusual photosensitive process employed in forming an image with the Kalfax materials, speed shifts are encountered for long exposure times. An explanation of this effect in terms of diffusion properties is given along with the characteristic curves which show these effects. Other exposure effects such as reciprocity failure, development delay and clearing times are examined. A series of tests to determine the effect of pre- and post-sensitization are described and analyzed in regard to speed changes. The effects of varying the development temperature are discussed briefly. A comparison of the Kalfax materials with conventional silver halide materials is made. The Kalfax films are compared with Micro-File under the identical exposure conditions. The Micro-File was 2.2 x 10^5 times faster than Kalfax film type 94 (high contrast). Kodak Azo printing paper is compared with Kalfax printing paper under the same exposure conditions and found to be 2.88 x 10^4 times faster. The Kalfax materials are lacking in sensitivity but they can be completely processed in dry form in a matter of minutes in a normally illuminated room. This is one of the advantages to be considered in these materials. The use of Kalfax materials in aerial photography is limited at the present time because of the low sensitivity. Considerable theoretical and experimental work is required in order to realize the potential of the Kalfax materials. There is however, a definite use for the Kalfax materials in the reproduction field. An example of the use of Kalfax paper for reproduction is shown with an aerial photograph printed on Kalfax low contrast paper from an aerial positive of scale 1:20,000

Effects of exposure on the printing characteristics of the association product process

The investigation examined the printing characteristics of the association product plate, a continuous tone lithographic process which utilizes a synthetic, light-sensitive coating variably ink-receptive according to the degree of exposure it receives. The methodology was designed to determine (1) the printing range of the plate, (2) the effective sensitivity of the coating to varying amounts of exposure within this range, and (3) the degree to which adherence to ideal tone reproduction could be achieved through systematic variation of exposure. The plate is not commercially available, therefore it was necessary to consult patent literature and prior research to obtain details of the coating composition and plate manufacture. A number of pre-trial tests were conducted to optimize the manufacturing process and achieve a desirable balance of coating resiliency and printability. After optimizing plate manufacture, equal-interval continuous tone gray scales were printed on a conventional lithographic press to determine the printing characteristics of the plate. The characteristic curves which were generated by plotting printed densities against negative densities revealed low highlight contrast and high midtone and shadow contrast within a relatively narrow log exposure range of .75-1.10. Faulty tone reproduction can often be corrected by modifying the contrast gradients of the film negative(s) used for plate exposure. In halftone lithography, this procedure selectively alters dot area to achieve desired print reflectance. In the case of continuous tone processes, tone corrected negatives selectively modify the ink receptivity of the plate coating. VIII In order to test the effects of exposure modulation on the tone reproduction characteristics of the plate, an optical matrix was sensitometrically generated from continuous tone panchromatic film. Various film development techniques were used to alter negative contrast and obtain gray scales with diverse equal-interval log E increments within the response range of the plate. The matrix was used for exposing plates of similar manufacture to generate print data for analysis. Printed densities obtained from the matrix were used to construct conventional characteristic curves, as well as response profiles relating printed density differences to log exposure increments. A mathematical model of the Jones tone reproduction diagram was used to calculate tone correction factors in terms of relative log exposure and to reconstruct tone corrected negative scales. Printed densities obtained from the test matrix were used to gauge the effect of the corrected scales on tone reproduction. This method, in essence, emulated the Jones-type approach to tone correction in a single print run, thereby reducing manufacturing and printing variables. The data revealed a high degree of success in correcting mid-tone and shadow reproduction through exposure modification. Although some areas of non-linear plate response were persistent, these were primarily due to shortcomings in the methodology rather than plate failure. Optical tone correction of the low highlight contrast was significantly more problematic. Given the relatively short printing range of the plate, the required negative gradient eliminates many original tonal values. Other means physical and/or chemical are required to lengthen the tonal range and raise highlight contrast in order to improve overall plate performance

Contribution of the European Kodak Research Laboratories to Innovation Strategy at Eastman Kodak

This study provides a new understanding of the nature of Eastman Kodak Research. The thesis considers the European context between 1891 and 1912, before the creation of the first Kodak Research Laboratory in 1912 at Rochester, New York, and between 1928 and 1950 with the opening of two additional Research Laboratories in the United Kingdom and in France. It sheds light on the technological and organisational relationship between the main Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester and the later, related, Kodak Research Laboratories in Europe. Analysis of publications from numerous independent photochemists demonstrates that industrial secrecy during the interwar years limited the sharing of scientific knowledge and delayed developments in photographic science. The first Kodak Research Laboratory was created in Rochester in 1912 to address this issue internally. Its first director, Kenneth Mees, developed an innovative organisational model which combined fundamental and applied research in order to protect scientific facts about the photographic process that were discovered in-house and to create the appropriate preconditions for the development of new and marketable products. Qualitative analysis of unpublished research reports stresses the multi-faceted nature of the photographic research undertaken at the Harrow Research Laboratory from 1929 onwards. It shows that the British Laboratory was open to external sources of scientific knowledge and innovative technologies. Photographic knowledge was shared significantly during the 1930s between the American, British and French Research Laboratories and Production Departments, as also evidenced by the previously undiscovered personal notebooks of a number of photochemists. Analysis of the British and more recently uncovered French Kodak archives also reveals that long-term Kodak research about colour photography was interrelated with the European Kodak Research Laboratories during the interwar period. Original analyses of unpublished patent correspondence demonstrate that the editorial drafting of strategic patents during the Second World War was at the core of the scientific collaboration between Kodak Limited and independent inventors. This thesis concludes that the work of the European Kodak research laboratories was fundamental to Eastman Kodak in the twentieth century. Despite cultural disparities, the three laboratories followed an organisational model that promoted scientific collaboration. Furthermore, the modest size of Kodak Research in Europe during the early years forced the company to partially adopt an “Open Innovation” model, combining external sources of technology with in-house research. This is the first study to address the question of the European nature of Kodak Research using unpublished laboratory archives. It unveils the complete organisation of Kodak research, including knowledge transfer and scientific collaborations, as well as the actors in Kodak Research that marked the history of twentieth century photography

Contribution of the European Kodak Research Laboratories to Innovation Strategy at Eastman Kodak

This study provides a new understanding of the nature of Eastman Kodak Research. The thesis considers the European context between 1891 and 1912, before the creation of the first Kodak Research Laboratory in 1912 at Rochester, New York, and between 1928 and 1950 with the opening of two additional Research Laboratories in the United Kingdom and in France. It sheds light on the technological and organisational relationship between the main Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester and the later, related, Kodak Research Laboratories in Europe. Analysis of publications from numerous independent photochemists demonstrates that industrial secrecy during the interwar years limited the sharing of scientific knowledge and delayed developments in photographic science. The first Kodak Research Laboratory was created in Rochester in 1912 to address this issue internally. Its first director, Kenneth Mees, developed an innovative organisational model which combined fundamental and applied research in order to protect scientific facts about the photographic process that were discovered in-house and to create the appropriate preconditions for the development of new and marketable products. Qualitative analysis of unpublished research reports stresses the multi-faceted nature of the photographic research undertaken at the Harrow Research Laboratory from 1929 onwards. It shows that the British Laboratory was open to external sources of scientific knowledge and innovative technologies. Photographic knowledge was shared significantly during the 1930s between the American, British and French Research Laboratories and Production Departments, as also evidenced by the previously undiscovered personal notebooks of a number of photochemists. Analysis of the British and more recently uncovered French Kodak archives also reveals that long-term Kodak research about colour photography was interrelated with the European Kodak Research Laboratories during the interwar period. Original analyses of unpublished patent correspondence demonstrate that the editorial drafting of strategic patents during the Second World War was at the core of the scientific collaboration between Kodak Limited and independent inventors. This thesis concludes that the work of the European Kodak research laboratories was fundamental to Eastman Kodak in the twentieth century. Despite cultural disparities, the three laboratories followed an organisational model that promoted scientific collaboration. Furthermore, the modest size of Kodak Research in Europe during the early years forced the company to partially adopt an “Open Innovation” model, combining external sources of technology with in-house research. This is the first study to address the question of the European nature of Kodak Research using unpublished laboratory archives. It unveils the complete organisation of Kodak research, including knowledge transfer and scientific collaborations, as well as the actors in Kodak Research that marked the history of twentieth century photography

The dictionary of photography: for the amateur and professional photographer (7th edition)

The present edition contains about one hundred and fifty pages of new matter, and three hundred fresh headings ; also between twenty and thirty new diagrams these additions being necessitated by the rapid advance of photographic technics. Notwithstanding these considerable additions, the bulk of the volume has not been considerably increased, as much overlapping matter-or partially overlapping matter -has been eliminated; and this without disadvantage to the reader, as cross-references have been inserted where required. The Appendix, which, in the sixth edition, formed nearly one-third of the whole book, has been incorporated with the alphabetical portion-a change which will facilitate reference, as it brings all matter into one sequence. The omission of metric equivalents from the formula! may appear at first sight to be an undesirable retrogression; but, if so, it is a retrogression which will make the book more convenient for that very large majority who only use the British weights and measures ; an additional column of figures not unfrequently leading to confusion and error. Those who prefer to use the metric system in compounding their photographic preparations, will probably rather gain than lose by the change, as the tables given in the article weighing and measuring will enable them to effect the necessary conversions with any required degree of accuracy. In giving equivalents of the English weights and measures according to the metric system, very inconvenient quantities, expressed by many figures, are generally necessary if exact equivalence or strict proportion is to be secured ; while, on the other hand, the giving of approximate figures may be adopted for the sake of. simplicity of expression. Each course is about equally undesirable, and liable to cause inconvenience. In very few cases, where work of considerable delicacy is involved, and the original instructions were given according to the metric system (e.g., in case of emulsion for the Lippmann process), the original figures have been retained. THOMAS BOLA

Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 2

Reports, articles, and other documents announced between April and June 1974 in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR), and International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA) are cited. Documents related to the identification and evaluation by means of sensors in spacecraft and aircraft of vegetation, minerals, and other natural resources, and the techniques and potentialities of surveying and keeping up-to-date inventories of such riches are included along with studies of such natural phenomena as earthquakes, volcanoes, ocean currents, and magnetic fields; and such cultural phenomena as cities, transportation networks, and irrigation systems. The components and use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation, their subsystems, observational procedures, signature and analyses and interpretive techniques for gathering data are, described. All reports generated under NASA's Earth Resources Survey Program for the time period covered are included

Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 13

This bibliography lists 524 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between January 1977 and March 1977. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis

Remote Sensing of Earth Resources: A literature survey with indexes (1970 - 1973 supplement). Section 1: Abstracts

Abstracts of reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between March 1970 and December 1973 are presented in the following areas: agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, oceanography and marine resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis