327 research outputs found

    Seleksi Galur-galur Dihaploid Padi Hitam pada Uji Daya Hasil Lanjutan

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    Black rice becomes a source of carbohydrate with health benefits. Yield trial is an important step for the success of black rice breeding. This study aimed at obtaining information on agronomic performance of doubled haploid lines of black rice and selecting the best doubled haploid black rice lines with good agronomic characters and high yielding for multi-location yield trials. This study was conducted from November 2019 until July 2020 in Bogor, West Java and Malang, East Java. Twenty-three doubled haploid black rice lines and three check varieties namely Aek Sibundong, Jeliteng, and Inpari 24 were used as plant genetic materials. This study was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications for each treatment. The result revealed that interaction of genotype and environment was significant on all observed traits except on grain filling period according to analysis of variance. Fourteen doubled haploid rice lines were selected based on weighted selection index. These lines showed number of productive tillers per hill ranged from 15.8 to 25.9, early maturity from 115.2 to 121.9 days after sowing, and high productivity (>5.4 ton ha-1). The agronomic performance and yield of the doubled haploid rice lines selected in this study required further testing through a multi-site test to obtain a candidate for new high yielding variety for black rice. Keywords: good agronomic, rice anther culture, selection criteria, selection indexPadi hitam merupakan sumber karbohidrat yang bermanfaat untuk kesehatan. Pengujian daya hasil merupakan tahapan penting dalam menentukan keberhasilan pemuliaan padi beras hitam. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk memperoleh informasi keragaan agronomi dan menyeleksi galur-galur dihaploid padi beras hitam yang memiliki penampilan agronomi baik dan berdaya hasil tinggi untuk pengujian multi lokasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan November 2019 sampai Juli 2020 di Bogor, Jawa Barat dan Malang, Jawa Timur. Sebanyak 23 galur dihaploid padi hitam yang memiliki sifat agronomi baik dengan produktivitas tinggi dan 3 varietas pembanding yaitu Aek Sibundong, Jeliteng, dan Inpari 24 digunakan sebagai materi genetik. Studi ini menggunakan rancangan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan 3 ulangan pada setiap percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi genotipe dan lingkungan berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua karakter pengamatan kecuali pada karakter lama pengisian gabah berdasarkan analisis keragaman. Sebanyak 14 galur yang terseleksi berdasarkan indeks terboboti memiliki karakteristik jumlah anakan produktif per rumpun dari 15.8 hingga 25.9, umur panen genjah dari 115.2 to 121.9 hari setelah semai, dan produktivitas >5.4 ton ha-1. Keragaan agronomi dan daya hasil galur-galur dihaploid padi yang terseleksi pada penelitian ini memerlukan pengujian lebih lanjut melalui uji multi lokasi untuk memperoleh calon varietas unggul baru padi beras hitam. Kata kunci: agronomi baik, indeks seleksi, kriteria seleksi, kultur antera pad

    Karakterisasi Fisikokimia Beras Galur-galur Padi Hitam Dihaploid

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    Mutu beras dan nasi yang mencakup mutu fisik dan kimia (fisikokima) merupakan preferensi konsumen yang perlu dipertimbangkan. Karakter kualitas gabah dan beras meliputi penampilan, tekstur dan rasa. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melakukan pengukuran atau identifikasi secara kuantitatif terhadap karakter fisikokimia beras galur-galur dihaploid padi hitam. Percobaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Mutu, Kebun Percobaan Muara, Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi (BB Padi) pada bulan Agustus hingga September 2021. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan ulangan atau sampel sebanyak 10 per genotipe. Genotipe yang digunakan terdiri atas 16 (14 galur dihaploid padi hitam dan dua varietas pembanding yaitu Aek Sibundong dan Jeliteng). Pengamatan mutu fisik meliputi kadar air, beras pecah kulit, beras kepala, beras giling, bentuk beras, panjang beras dan butir kapur beras. Karakter kimia beras yang diamati meliputi kadar amilosa, suhu gelatinisasi dan organoleptik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa galur AW6 memiliki tingkat kemiripan yang dekat dengan varietas pembanding yang ditunjukkan dalam analisis gerombol di Grup 1. Karakter penciri pada Grup 1 ialah kadar air 13.6%, beras kepala 88.7%, beras pecah kulit 76%, beras giling 70%, skor alkali 1-4, suhu gelatinisasi sedang hingga tinggi, bentuk ramping, rasa gurih dan pengapuran kecil. Galur AW6 termasuk kedalam Grup 1 karena memiliki karakter yang mirip dengan varietas pembanding. Kata kunci: amilosa, beras hitam, fisikokimiaThe quality of grain and rice which includes physical and chemical quality (physicochemical) is a consumer preference that needs to be considered. The character of the quality of grain and rice includes appearance, texture and taste. The aim of the study was to measure or identify quantitatively the physicochemical character of the dihaploid rice lines of black rice. The experiment was conducted at the Quality Laboratory, Muara Experimental Station, Indonesian Center for Rice Research (BB Padi) from August to September 2021. The study used a completely randomized design with 10 replicates or samples per genotype. The genotypes used consisted of 16 (14 dihaploid lines of black rice and two check varieties, namely Aek Sibundong and Jeliteng). Observations of physical quality included water content, broken husk rice, head rice, milled rice, rice shape, length of rice and grains of rice lime. The chemical characters of rice observed were amylose content, gelatinization temperature and organoleptic. The results showed that the AW6 line had a close similarity with the check variety shown in the cluster analysis in Group 1. The distinguishing traits in Group 1 were 13.6% moisture content, 88.7% head rice, 76% broken rice, 70% milled rice, score alkaline 1-4, medium to high gelatinization temperature, lean shape, savory taste and small liming. The AW6 line was included in Group 1 because it had similar characteristics to the check varieties. Keywords: amylose, black rice, physicochemica

    Agronomic performance, yield stability and selection of doubled haploid rice lines in advanced yield trials

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    Anther culture is a widely utilized technique in rice breeding because of its simplicity and effectiveness in rapidly obtaining pure lines in the form of doubled haploid plants. The selection of doubled haploid (DH) rice lines derived from anther culture in advanced yield trials is an important step for obtaining superior DH lines. We aimed to determine agronomic performance, including yield and yield stability in order to select lowland DH rice lines that are high yield and have good agronomic performance based on the selection index method. The research was conducted in Indonesia at three locations, i.e., Bogor (West Java), Indramayu (West Java) and Malang (East Java) from July to December 2022. The genotypes tested were 29 DH lines and three check varieties (Inpari-42 Agritan GSR, Inpari-18 Agritan and Bioni63 Ciherang Agritan) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with genotypes as a single factor and three replications. High heritability values are found in all agronomic characters, except the percentage of filled grain/panicle, the percentage of empty grain/panicle and productivity. The yield stability based on the Kang method showed that 15 lines were stable and had high productivity. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that the number of productive tillers, days to flowering, days to harvesting, number of filled grains/panicle and percentage of filled grains all had positive values and significantly correlated with productivity. Phenotypic path analysis showed that the character of days to harvesting, number of filled grains/panicle, number of productive tillers and percentage of filled grains/panicle directly affected the productivity. Based on the weighted selection index, 12 DH lines were selected due to having a positive and higher index (8.54 to 0.28) than the Bioni63 Agritan and Inpari 18 check varieties. Among those lines, 9 DH lines were also stable based on the Kang Method

    Book of Abstracts - XIII EUCARPIA Biometrics in Plant Breeding Section Meeting - 30 August - 1 September 2006 - Zagreb, Croatia

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    The Book of Abstracts of the XIII EUCARPIA Biometrics in Plant Breeding Section Meeting held in 2006 in Zagreb, Croatia, contains the abstracts of 40 oral presentations and 22 posters as presented during six sessions: Linkage and LD based QTL Mapping Methodology I and II, Computer Science, Bioinformatics and Analysis of Large Data Sets, Crop Growth Modelling / Modelling GxE, and Collaborative Breeding. All the abstracts have been thoroughly reviewed by the members of Scientific Committee

    Proceedings of the COST SUSVAR/ECO-PB Workshop on organic plant breeding strategies and the use of molecular markers

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    In many countries,national projects are in progress to investigate the sustainable low-input approach.In the present COST network,these projects are coordinated by means of exchange of materials,establishing common methods for assessment and statistical analyses and by combining national experimental results.The common framework is cereal production in low-input sustainable systems with emphasis on crop diversity.The network is organised into six Working Groups,five focusing on specific research areas and one focusing on the practical application of the research results for variety testing:1)plant genetics and plant breeding,2)biostatistics,3)plant nutrition and soil microbiology,4)weed biology and plant competition,5)plant pathology and plant disease resistance biology and 6)variety testing and certification.It is essential that scientists from many disciplines work together to investigate the complex interactions between the crop and its environment,in order to be able to exploit the natural regulatory mechanisms of different agricultural systems for stabilising and increasing yield and quality.The results of this cooperation will contribute to commercial plant breeding as well as official variety testing,when participants from these areas disperse the knowledge achieved through the EU COST Action

    Breeding for cob traits in maize

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    The advantages of maize cobs as cellulosic feedstock are based on their compact architecture and high fraction of cellulose and hemicellulose. Cobs are low in ash content, nutrients, and minerals and their harvest will likely not deplete the soil. Dual-purpose maize, with larger cob biomass and high tissue density, could reduce transport costs providing more farmers with additional income from cob sales. The objective of this study was to lay the foundation for developing dual-purpose maize, combining high cob biomass and grain yield. This included a morphological and genetic analysis of cob characters under varying environments, as well as their relationships to grain yield. In addition, as starting point for further research of cob biomass traits, novel germplasm was developed including a biparental doubled haploid population. Overall, grain yield was positively correlated with all cob architecture traits but independent from cob density. Gene mapping experiments were performed in two different two intermated B73 x Mo17 (IBM) populations under varying nitrogen managements. For cob tissue density, two of the largest QTL were identified in both IBM populations on chromosomes 5 and 7 each explaining 7.7-10.7% of the phenotypic variation. These regions are known to contain candidate genes ra1 and ba2, involved in branching and branch elongation. Available maize accessions with extreme cob architecture likely carry novel alleles or genes for cob size and tissue density. Using this potential from new resources in combination with the findings and summarized information for cob biomass genetics from this research further progress with developing dual purpose maize varieties can be accomplished

    A comprehensive multivariate approach for GxE interaction analysis in early maturing rice varieties

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    The genotype evaluation process requires analysis of GxE interactions to ascertain the responsiveness of a genotype to various environments, including the development of early maturing rice. However, the concept of interaction is relatively specific to grain yield. In contrast, grain yield is highly polygenic, so assessment should be carried out with multivariate approaches. Therefore, multivariate assessment in evaluating GxE interactions should be developed, especially for early maturing rice genotypes. The study aimed to develop a comprehensive multivariate approach to improve the comprehensiveness and responsiveness of GxE interaction analysis. The study was conducted in Bone and Soppeng districts, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in two seasons. The study used a randomized complete block design, where replications were nested across two seasons and locations. Two check varieties and five early maturing varieties were replicated three times in each environment. Based on this study, a new approach to GxE interaction analysis based on multiple regression index analysis, BLUP analysis, factor analysis, and path analysis was considered adequate, especially for evaluating early maturing rice. This approach combined days to harvest, biological yield, and grain yield in multiple linear regression with weighting based on the combination of all analyses. The effectiveness of the GxE interaction assessment was reflected by high coefficient of determination (R2) and gradient (b) values above 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. Inpari 13 (R2 = 0.9; b=1.05), Cakrabuana (R2 = 0.98; b=0.99), and Padjajaran (R2 = 0.95; b=1.07) also have good grain yield with days to harvesting consideration, namely 7.83 ton ha-1, 98.12 days; 7.37 ton ha-1, 95.52 days; and 7.29 ton ha-1, 97.23 days, respectively. Therefore, this index approach can be recommended in GxE interaction analysis to evaluate early maturing rice genotypes. Furthermore, Inpari 13, Cakrabuana, and Padjajaran are recommended as adaptive early maturing varieties

    Improving Breeding Program Efficiency and Genetic Gain Through the Implementation of Genomic Selection in Diverse Wheat Germplasm

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    Genomic selection (GS) is an important tool for increasing genetic gain for economically important traits in breeding programs. Genomic selection uses molecular markers across the entire genome in order to predict the performance of breeding lines for a trait of interest prior to phenotyping. A training population (TP) of elite germplasm, representative of the University of Arkansas wheat breeding program, was developed in order to predict important agronomic and Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance traits within the University of Arkansas wheat breeding program through cross-validation and forward prediction. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on the TP to identify novel FHB resistance loci for deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), incidence (INC), and severity (SEV). Significantly loci were used as fixed effects in a GS model (GS+GWAS) and compared to a naïve GS (NGS) model, where the NGS models had significantly higher prediction accuracies (PA) than the GS+GWAS models for all four FHB traits. The GWAS identified novel loci for all four FHB traits, most notably on chromosomes 3BL and 4BL. Multivariate GS (MVGS) models using correlated traits as covariates were also compared to NGS models and the MVGS models significantly outperformed the NGS models for all four traits. The same TP was also evaluated for five agronomic traits, including grain yield (GY), heading date (HD), maturity date (MD), plant height (PH), and test weight (TW), where MVGS models were compared to NGS models. Again, MVGS models significantly outperformed NGS models for all five agronomic traits, especially when there were strong genetic correlations between predicted traits and covariates. Additionally, MVGS models were tested using GY data for genotypes only grown in some environments to predict said genotypes in missing environments. This method significantly improved PA for GY between 6% and 21% for four of six tested environments. The abovementioned TP was then used for forward prediction to predict GY for untested F4:6 breeding lines and DON, FDK, and SEV for F4:7 breeding lines. The MVGS models were comparable to phenotypic selection and had higher selection accuracies for two of three breeding cycles for GY, both cycles for DON, and at least one cycle for FDK and SEV. The MVGS model also had higher PAs for all four traits compared with the NGS models. These results show that GS, and MVGS, can be successfully implemented in a wheat breeding program over multiple breeding cycles and can be effective alongside phenotypic selection for economically important traits. The MVGS models are particularly effective when predicted traits share strong genetic correlations with covariate traits, and covariate traits have a higher heritability than the predicted traits

    Assessing the genetic variation of phosphate efficiency in European maize (Zea mays L.)

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    Why should plant breeders in Central Europe care about phosphate efficiency? Soil phosphorus levels have mostly reached high to very high levels over the last decades in intensively farmed, livestock-rich regions. However, the European Union demands a restructuring of the agricultural production systems through setting ambitious goals envisaged in the Farm to Fork Strategy. By 2030, fertilizer use should be reduced by 20 %, nutrient losses by at least 50 %. As a consequence, farmers have to be even more efficient with crop inputs, among them the globally limited resource of phosphorus fertilizers, while maintaining high yields. Plant breeding means thinking ahead. Therefore, phosphate-efficient varieties should be developed to help farmers meet this challenge and reduce the need for additional fertilizers. One prerequisite to reach this target is that genotypic variation for the relevant traits is available. Moreover, approaches that assist selection by accurate but also time- and resource-efficient prediction of genotypes are highly valuable in breeding. Finally, the choice of the selection environment and suitable trait assessment for the improvement of phosphate efficiency under well-supplied conditions, need to be elaborated. In this dissertation, a diverse set of maize genotypes from ancient landraces to modern hybrids was investigated for phosphate efficiency-related traits under well-supplied P soil conditions. Multi-environmental field trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020. The reaction to different starter fertilizer treatments of the 20 commercially most important maize hybrids grown in Germany was studied. In the hybrid trial, the factor environment had a significant effect on the impact of starter fertilizers. Especially in early developmental stages genotypes showed a different response to the application of starter fertilizers. On the overall very well-supplied soils, we observed no significant genotype-by-starter fertilizer interaction. Nonetheless, we identified hybrids, which maintained high yields also if no starter fertilizer was provided. Thus, it seems that sufficient variation is available to select and breed for phosphate efficiency under reduced fertilizer conditions. Furthermore, the concept of phenomic prediction, based on near-infrared spectra instead of marker data to predict the performance of genotypes, was applied to 400 diverse lines of maize and compared to genomic prediction. For this, we used seed-based near-infrared spectroscopy data to perform phenomic selection in our line material, which comprised doubled haploid lines from landraces and elite lines. We observed that phenomic prediction generally performed comparable to genomic prediction or even better. In particular, the phenomic selection approach holds great potential for predictions among different groups of breeding material as it is less prone to artifacts resulting from population structure. Phenomic selection is therefore deemed a useful and cost-efficient tool to predict complex traits, including phosphorus concentration and grain yield, which together form the basis to determine phosphate efficiency. Lastly, 20 different indicators for phosphate efficiency were calculated, the genetic variation of the different measures present in this unique set of lines was quantified, and recommendations for breeding were derived. Of the different measures for phosphate efficiency reported in literature, Flint landraces demonstrated valuable allelic diversity with regard to phosphate efficiency during the seedling stage. Due to the highly complex genetic architecture of phosphate efficiency-related traits, a combination of genomic and phenotypic selection appears best suited for their improvement in breeding. Taken together, phosphate efficiency, including its definition and meaning, is largely dependent on the available phosphorus in the target environment as well as the farm type, which specifies the harvested produce and thereby the entire phosphorus removal from the field. In conclusion, future maize breeding should work in environments that are similar to the future target environments, meaning reduced fertilizer inputs and eventually lower soil P levels. Our results demonstrate that breeding of varieties, which perform well without starter fertilizers is feasible and meaningful under the well-supplied conditions prevalent in Central Europe. For the improvement of the highly complex trait phosphate efficiency through breeding we recommend to apply genomic and phenomic prediction along with classical phenotypic screening of genotypes and by this making our food systems more resilient towards upcoming challenges in agriculture.Warum sollten sich Pflanzenzüchter:innen in Mitteleuropa mit Phosphateffizienz beschäftigen? Der Phosphorgehalt im Boden ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten vor allem in intensiv bewirtschafteten viehreichen Regionen auf ein hohes bis sehr hohes Niveau angestiegen. Die Europäische Union formuliert jedoch in der Farm to Fork-Strategie ehrgeizige Ziele für eine Umstrukturierung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktionssysteme. Bis 2030 soll der Düngemitteleinsatz um 20 % und die Nährstoffverluste um mindestens 50 % reduziert werden. Das bedeutet, dass die Landwirte noch effizienter mit dem Einsatz von Betriebsmitteln umgehen müssen, insbesondere mit der weltweit begrenzten Ressource von Phosphordüngern, bei gleichzeitig weiterhin hohen Erträgen. Pflanzenzüchtung bedeutet vorausschauend zu denken. Daher sollten phosphateffiziente Sorten entwickelt werden, die den Landwirten helfen, diese Herausforderung zu meistern und den Bedarf an zusätzlichen Düngemitteln zu verringern. Eine Voraussetzung, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist, dass genotypische Variation für die relevanten Merkmale vorhanden ist. Darüber hinaus sind Ansätze, die die Selektion durch eine genaue, aber auch zeit- und ressourceneffiziente Vorhersage von Genotypen unterstützen, in der Züchtung sehr wertvoll. Außerdem müssen die Wahl der Selektionsumwelt und eine geeignete Merkmalserfassung für die Verbesserung der Phosphateffizienz unter gut versorgten Bedingungen näher beleuchtet werden. In dieser Dissertation wurde eine Reihe von Maisgenotypen, von alten Landrassen bis hin zu modernen Hybriden, bezüglich Phosphateffizienz-Merkmalen auf gut mit P versorgten Böden untersucht. In den Jahren 2019 und 2020 wurden mehrortige Feldversuche durchgeführt. Untersucht wurde die Reaktion der 20 kommerziell wichtigsten in Deutschland angebauten Maishybriden auf unterschiedliche Unterfußdüngungen. In dem Hybridversuch hatte der Faktor Umwelt einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Wirkung von Unterfußdüngern. Insbesondere in frühen Entwicklungsstadien reagierten die Genotypen unterschiedlich auf die Gabe von Unterfußdüngern. Auf den insgesamt sehr gut versorgten Böden beobachteten wir keine signifikante Interaktion zwischen Genotyp und Unterfußdünger. Dennoch konnten wir Hybriden identifizieren, die auch ohne Unterfußdünger hohe Erträge erzielten. Es scheint also genügend Variation vorhanden zu sein, um unter reduzierten Düngebedingungen auf Phosphateffizienz zu selektieren und zu züchten. Darüber hinaus wurde das Konzept der phänomischen Vorhersage, welches auf Nahinfrarotspektren anstelle von Markerdaten zur Vorhersage der Leistung von Genotypen basiert, auf 400 verschiedenen Maislinien angewandt und mit der genomischen Vorhersage verglichen. Hierbei nutzten wir samenbasierter Daten der Nahinfrarotspektroskopie, um phänomische Selektion in unserem Linienmaterial durchzuführen, welches doppelhaploide Linien von Landrassen und Elitelinien enthielt. Wir konnten feststellen, dass die phänomische Vorhersage im Allgemeinen mit der genomischen Vorhersage gleichauf oder sogar besser war. Der phänomische Selektionsansatz hat insbesondere für Vorhersagen zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen von Zuchtmaterial großes Potenzial, da er weniger anfällig für Artefakte ist, die aus der Populationsstruktur resultieren. Die phänomische Selektion hat sich daher als nützliches und kosteneffizientes Instrument zur Vorhersage komplexer Merkmale erwiesen, einschließlich der Phosphorkonzentration und des Kornertrags, welche zusammen die Grundlage für die Bestimmung der Phosphateffizienz bilden. Zuletzt wurden 20 verschiedene Indikatoren für Phosphateffizienz berechnet, die genetische Variation der verschiedenen Messgrößen in dieser spezifischen Zusammensetzung von Linien quantifiziert und Empfehlungen für die Züchtung abgeleitet. Von den verschiedenen in der Literatur beschriebenen Maßen für die Phosphateffizienz zeigten Flint-Landrassen eine wertvolle allelische Diversität in Bezug auf die Phosphateffizienz im Keimlingsstadium. Aufgrund der hochkomplexen genetischen Struktur von Phosphateffizienz-Merkmalen, scheint eine Kombination aus genomischer und phänotypischer Selektion am besten geeignet, um diese züchterisch zu verbessern. Alles in allem hängt die Phosphateffizienz, einschließlich ihrer Definition und Bedeutung, weitgehend vom verfügbaren Phosphor in der angestrebten Umwelt sowie vom Betriebstyp ab, da dieser das Erntegut und damit die Gesamtphosphorabfuhr vom Feld bestimmt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die zukünftige Maiszüchtung in Umgebungen arbeiten sollte, die den zukünftigen Zielumwelten ähnlich sind, was einen geringeren Düngemitteleinsatz und schließlich einen niedrigeren P-Gehalt im Boden bedeutet. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Züchtung von Sorten, die ohne Unterfußdünger auskommen, unter den in Mitteleuropa vorherrschenden gut versorgten Bedingungen realisierbar und sinnvoll ist. Zur Verbesserung des hochkomplexen Merkmals Phosphateffizienz durch Züchtung empfehlen wir, neben der klassischen phänotypischen Begutachtung von Genotypen auch genomische und phänomische Vorhersagen anzuwenden und damit unsere Nahrungsmittelsysteme widerstandsfähiger gegenüber den kommenden Herausforderungen in der Landwirtschaft zu machen
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