SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHEA AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS IN INDONESIA

Introduction : The child mortality rate in the world was still relatively high, which diarrhea was one of the main causes. In Indonesia, the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years was still quite high. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the diarrhea in toddlers. Methods : This study used secondary data taken from the 2017 Indonesian Health Demographic Survey dataset. The sample of this study was 13,830 mothers aged 15-49 years. The criteria inclusions were a mother who were completely interviewed, had children less than 5 years, last child and lived together, and was still alive. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regressions. Results and Discussion : The results showed that there were 14.7% of mothers whose children were less than 5 years old experienced diarrhea recently. Husbands/partners with middle education had 17% higher odds of their children having diarrhea compared to husbands/partners with higher education (AOR=1.17 ; 95%Cl=1.02–1.33 ; p=0.024). Toddlers with very poor (AOR=1.39 ; 95%Cl=1.12–1.73 ; p=0.003), poor (AOR=1.36 ; 95%Cl=1.11–11.67; p=0.004), and rich (AOR=1.24 ; 95%CI=1,01–1.52 ; p=0.039) socioeconomic had 39%, 36%, 24% higher odds for their children to have diarrhea when compared to toddlers with very rich family backgrounds. Conclusion : The husband's/partners with lower education and lower socioeconomic status had higher risk for their children to experience diarrhea. Therefore, improving the welfare and economy of the community as well as improving the quality of education and public knowledge, especially regarding children's health, is urgently needed in efforts to prevent and reduce the diarrhea

Socioeconomic Determinants of Disease Transmission in Cambodia

The process of acquiring an infection has two components: first, exposure through proximity to another infected individual, and second, transmission of the disease. Earlier studies of the socioeconomic factors that affect the probability of acquiring an illness assume uniform exposure to infected individuals and may therefore result in biased estimates. This paper develops an empirical model, consistent with epidemiological models of spread of infections, to estimate the impact of socioeconomic variables on the extent of disease transmission within villages in Cambodia. Data from the 1997 Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey are used in this analysis.

Diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, and fever among children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Several years of war have created a humanitarian crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with extensive disruption of civil society, the economy and provision of basic services including health care. Health policy and planning in the DRC are constrained by a lack of reliable and accessible population data. Thus there is currently a need for primary research to guide programme and policy development for reconstruction and to measure attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This study uses the 2001 Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey to disentangle children's health inequalities by mapping the impact of geographical distribution of childhood morbidity stemming from diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, and fever. We observe a low prevalence of childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and fever in the western provinces (Kinshasa, Bas-Congo and Bandundu), and a relatively higher prevalence in the south-eastern provinces (Sud-Kivu and Katanga). However, each disease has a distinct geographical pattern of variation. Among covariate factors, child age had a significant association with disease prevalence. The risk of the three ailments increased in the first 8–10 months after birth, with a gradual improvement thereafter. The effects of socioeconomic factors vary according to the disease. Accounting for the effects of the geographical location, our analysis was able to explain a significant share of the pronounced residual geographical effects. Using large scale household survey data, we have produced for the first time spatial residual maps in the DRC and in so doing we have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of geographical variation at province level of childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, and fever prevalence. Understanding these complex relationships through disease prevalence maps can facilitate design of targeted intervention programs for reconstruction and achievement of the MDGs

Population, Heath and Women

There are a number of issues regarding women’s health, women’s reproductive behavior, fertility impact of reproductive health programs and the effect of gender roles and expectations in these factors. This paper attempts to put together recently available Philippine information that could shed light to these issues. Analysis of national data suggests the absence of gender bias in the utilization of health care services. Planning and maternal care are deemed to have positive impact on women’s health. So is women’s reproductive health on fertility.women's issues, population and family relation, health sector, health care, fertility

Population, Heath and Women

There are a number of issues regarding women’s health, women’s reproductive behavior, fertility impact of reproductive health programs and the effect of gender roles and expectations in these factors. This paper attempts to put together recently available Philippine information that could shed light to these issues. Analysis of national data suggests the absence of gender bias in the utilization of health care services. Planning and maternal care are deemed to have positive impact on women’s health. So is women’s reproductive health on fertility.women's issues, population and family relation, health sector, health care, fertility

The Nutritional Status of Elites in India, Kenya, and Zambia: An appropriate guide for developing reference standards for undernutrition?

Assessments of undernutrition are typically based on comparisons between anthropometric indicators of children and a reference standard from the US. Due to a number of problems associated with this reference standard, WHO is currently engaged in generating a new international reference standard for child growth based on well­to­do populations in a sample of poor and rich countries. The focus on socioeconomic elites is to ensure that the measured growth reflects their genetic potential (and not according their constrained environment). Based on an analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys from Kenya, India, and Zambia, we identify a number of problems associated with using socioeconomic elites as representative of the genetic potential of a population. First, there are several, non­overlapping ways to identify elites. Second, the anthropometric status of elites appears to depend to a considerable degree on the nutrition and health status of non­elites. Third, there is a danger that the elites are not a random sample of the growth potential of the population. And lastly, it appears that the nutritional status of elites differs substantially between the three countries so that it is unclear how one can combine them to generate one international reference standard

Devolution and Accountability Effects in the Public Provision of Water Services in Indonesia

This paper separately evaluates how devolution and accountability, two distinct aspects of the decentralization reforms implemented in Indonesia in the year 2001, influenced the public provision of water services. Using household level data it is found that thedevolution of responsibility does not necessarily affect the provision of public services. Our findings show that the quality of publicly provided water decreased only in cities in which devolution was accompanied by a change in accountability. Robustness checks suggest that these results are driven by changes in the accountability framework rather than trends in the health services.Indonesia, decentralization, accountability, devolution, water

Urban challenges to food and nutrition security

This review of recent literature explores the urban face of food and nutrition security in a more comprehensive, integrated way than most previous efforts. The review is organized around a conceptual framework that identifies food insecurity, inadequate caring behaviors, and poor health as the primary causes of malnutrition. It discusses current knowledge in eight areas that require the special attention of policymakers, development practitioners, and program administrators who wish to improve urban food and nutrition security: the sources and cost of food; incomes and employment; urban agriculture; urban diets; child caregiving practices; childhood mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition; health and environment; and social assistance programs, or safety nets. The review also reports on the magnitude of rural-urban and intra-urban health differences in mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition. In conclusion, the review indicates which policy issues and knowledge gaps remain for future research to address.Urban health. ,Urban poor Services for. ,Food security. ,Malnutrition. ,Child care. ,

Reducing Inequalities in Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Era of the Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Bank's corporate goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity call for specific attention to the poor and vulnerable. The overarching objective of the SDGs is to end poverty in all its forms, but their key difference from the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is the integration of social, economic, and environmental goals (UN 2015). This has significant implications for reforms aimed at improving service delivery. With this understanding as its guiding compass, the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic Initiative focuses on what it would take to reduce existing inequalities in WASH services worldwide. This report, a synthesis of that global initiative, offers new insights on how data can be used to inform allocation decisions to reduce inequalities and prioritize investment in WASH to boost human capital. It also offers a fresh perspective on service delivery that considers how institutional arrangements affect the incentives of a range of actors