55,900 research outputs found
Three Models of Adjudicative Representation
Byggindustrin har lĂ€nge tampats med en undermĂ„lig produktivitetsutveckling i förhĂ„llande till andra industrier och dĂ„ speciellt processindustrin. Det har gjorts mĂ„nga försök att industrialisera byggandet för att dra nytta av standardiserade produkter och processer, i Sverige mest utmĂ€rkande under 60-talets miljonprogram vilket var kraftigt influerat av dĂ„tidens rĂ„dande produktionsfilosofi - massproduktion. För nĂ€rvarande baseras industrialiseringsarbetet pĂ„Â koncept frĂ„n lean production dĂ€r fokus ligger i att eliminera alla former av slöserier via det som kallas industriellt byggande. Syftet med denna rapport Ă€r att med hjĂ€lp av filosofier frĂ„n lean production undersöka hur koncept frĂ„n industriellt byggande appliceras i produktionen av bostĂ€der dĂ€r prefabricerade betongelement anvĂ€nds. Anledningen till att detta perspektiv vĂ€ljs baseras i att ett konceptuellt ramverk deriverat frĂ„n lean production lĂ€mpar sig ytterst vĂ€l för att undersöka och analysera vĂ€rdeflöden, speciellt i en produktionsmiljö. Ett av Sveriges största byggbolag, NCC AB, anvĂ€nder sig för nĂ€rvarande av tekniska plattformar och konceptuella produkter för att industrialisera sin process vid upplĂ„tandet hyresfastigheter med minimering av produktionskostnad och tid som huvudmĂ„l. En av huvudkomponenterna  i produktionen av dessa bostĂ€der Ă€r prefabricerade betongelement vilket gör att företaget lĂ€mpar sig ytterst vĂ€l för en fallstudie. NĂ„gra av de huvudresultat som denna rapport utmynnat i Ă€r att det studerade företaget och i förlĂ€ngningen hela byggbranschen dras med ett kraftigt eftersatt förbĂ€ttringsarbete - continuous improvements vilket kan vara en av huvudförklaringarna till sektorns lĂ„ga produktivitetsutveckling jĂ€mfört med processindustrins dito. Vidare har tre fokusomrĂ„den tagits fram baserat pĂ„ den utförda fallstudien som sedan stĂ€llts i relation till teori inom industriellt byggande. Dessa tre fokusomrĂ„den har givits epitetet pelare för industrialisering och det argumenteras för att dessa pelare mĂ„ste beaktas för att möjliggöra en framgĂ„ngsrik industriell byggprocess.The construction industry has during a long time suffered from poor development in productivity compared to other industries, especially the manufacturing industry. Many initiatives for industrialization have been made during the past decade in order to benefit from standardized products and processes, in Sweden most notably through "Miljonprogrammet" in the 1960s. This era was heavily influenced by the prevailing production philosophy in the manufacturing industry at the time - mass production. Today the industrialization initiatives are based on concepts from lean production where the focus is upon eliminating all forms of waste through what is related to as industrial construction. This report is based on the purpose to, using lean philosophies and tools, investigate how concepts from industrial construction is applied in the production of residential buildings using prefabricated concrete elements. The perspective of lean production is chosen because it is suitable for the study of value flows, especially in a production environment. One of the largest Swedish construction firms - NCC AB, currently deploys technical platforms and conceptual products in order to industrialize the processes used to construct rental housing with production cost and time reduction in focus. One of the key components used are prefabricated concrete elements which means the company is suitable as a case study. Some of the main results extracted through this research is that the studied company and in extension the entire construction industry performs poorly in terms of continuous improvements. This could be a main explanation for the industryâs productivity development in comparison with other industries, especially the manufacturing industry. Further, three areas of particular importance are derived from the case study and compared to theory within industrial construction. These areas are, in this report, labeled pillars for industrialization and it is argued for that these pillars needs to be considered in order to enable a successful industrialized construction process
Judicial lobbying: The politics of labor law constitutional interpretation
This paper links the theory of interest groups influence over the legislature with that of congressional control over the judiciary. The resulting framework reconciles the theoretical literature of lobbying with the negative available evidence on the impact of lobbying over legislative outcomes, and sheds light to the determinants of lobbying in separation-of-powers systems. We provide conditions for judicial decisions to be sensitive to legislative lobbying, and find that lobbying falls the more divided the legislature is on the relevant issues. We apply this framework to analyze supreme court labor decisions in Argentina, and find results consistent with the predictions of the theory
Judicial Lobbying: The Politics of Labor Law Constitutional Interpretation
This paper links the theory of interest groups influence over the legislature with that of congressional control over the judiciary. The resulting framework reconciles the theoretical literature of lobbying with the negative available evidence on the impact of lobbying over legislative outcomes, and sheds light to the determinants of lobbying in separation-of-powers systems. We provide conditions for judicial decisions to be sensitive to legislative lobbying, and find that lobbying falls the more divided the legislature is on the relevant issues. We apply this framework to analyze supreme court labor decisions in Argentina, and find results consistent with the predictions of the theory.
Recall of MPs in the UK : 'if I were you I wouldn't start from here'
The publication of a White Paper, Recall of MPs, and a draft Bill for pre-legislative scrutiny, by the UK Government in December 2011 was greeted with almost universal antipathy. In bringing forward the draft Bill Cabinet Office ministers declared their intention to âtrigger a debate on what would be the best model for a recall mechanismâ and they expressed a willingness âto consider alternative modelsâ or even to contemplate âadopting a completely different approachâ. Yet, they made it clear any such proposals âmust work within our unique constitutional frameworkâ and be âsuitable for our system of representative democracyâ. The objective of this article, therefore, is to do precisely what Cabinet Office ministers asked: to examine comparative experience and to apply lessons from that experience to the UK's âunique constitutional frameworkâ. Three questions guide the analysis: first, what is the problem to be addressed in introducing recall?; secondly, what does comparative experience reveal about the operation of recall? and thirdly how unique is the UK's constitutional framework
Judicial Independence and Democratic Accountability in Highest State Courts
Carrington notes that because judges in trial and intermediate courts are accountable to highest courts, it is the latter that are responsible for keeping the faith with democratic traditions
Checks and balances: an assessment of the institutional separation of political powers in Colombia
In this paper, we evaluate the institutional and legal structure of the Colombian government. In particular, we want to assess how a system of institutional checks and balances can be structured to promote the rule of law, preserve property rights, and stimulate economic growth. The 1991 Constitution indeed makes commendable commitments to these objectives. Yet, due to its institutional structure, Colombia is governed in a manner that is both unchecked and unbalanced. The Colombian Constitution is an enormously long document that attempts to reassure all parties that the future will be to their liking. For example, Article 58, which permits uncompensated expropriation for reasons of âequityâ, might be a substantial deterrent to investment. The nationâs long run economic health may be seriously impaired if peace is bought at the price of widespread concessions with regard to either the process of decision-making about the economy or to the specific content of future government economic policies. One may buy transitory tranquility, which may not translate in to lasting peace, at the price of long-term instability and turmoil. We make recommendations for institutional reform, which aim to mitigate clientelist and populist trends in Colombian politics. To enhance policymaking by reducing the scope for gridlock, we propose measures such as long-term appointments and ballot accountability that eliminate distortions to the voting incentives of both judges and lawmakers. Also, procedures are set forth to limit undue deliberations by the judiciary and to induce institutional status-quo bias. While we support constitutional provisions for the stability of a political process endowed with representativeness, we reject constitutional provisions that attempt to entrench one particular policy outcome. Stationary policy is likely to be both suboptimal and unsustainable in a stochastic and dynamic environment
Civil Society and International Organizations: A Liberal Framework for Global Governance
An earlier draft of this Article was presented at a faculty workshop at the University of Illinois College of Law. (Author\u27s Manuscript, March 2005) This analysis of how civil society can contribute to a better system of global governance draws on the political philosophy of civil society and the comparative law of democracy. Its first part describes the civil society phenomenon in three different international organizations: the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the European Union. Part Two puts forward the moral principle upon which my argument rests: liberal democracy. The next part sets the stage for the discussion of contemporary liberal theories of civil society by reviewing the history of the concept. Part Four critically examines the four dominant theories of citizen associations and their contribution to the good life in democratic societies. These theories serve as the basis for evaluating the pro-civil society reforms that have been made to date in international organizations and for suggesting additional areas of improvement. Yet the review of the literature also demonstrates, somewhat surprisingly, that the political philosophers and the civil society activists are talking past one another: the theory does not address head-on the question whether associations should be represented in public decisionmaking. For civil society theory, the democratizing potential of civil society lies in collective life outside the state. Thus, Part Five explores the comparative law of contemporary democracies and shows that interest and identity groups can participate in public life in at least three different ways: pluralism, corporatism, and republicanism. The concluding section returns to the institutional reform of international organizations. In view of the premises and ideals that inform different cultures of democracy and the realities of politics in the international realm, I argue that the public law of corporatism is the most appropriate for today\u27s international organizations
- âŠ