Rethinking democracy promotion

Despite the fact that democracy promotion is a major part of liberal foreign policies, the discipline of International Relations has not paid much systematic attention to it. Conversely, the study of democracy promotion is dominated by comparative politics and pays hardly any attention to the international system. This mutual neglect signifies a core weakness in the theory and practice of democracy promotion: its failure to comprehend the development of liberal democracy as an international process. This article argues that a thorough engagement with John Locke explains the failures of democracy promotion policies and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the development of liberal democrac

Promotion and Rowmotion

We present an equivariant bijection between two actions--promotion and rowmotion--on order ideals in certain posets. This bijection simultaneously generalizes a result of R. Stanley concerning promotion on the linear extensions of two disjoint chains and recent work of D. Armstrong, C. Stump, and H. Thomas on root posets and noncrossing partitions. We apply this bijection to several classes of posets, obtaining equivariant bijections to various known objects under rotation. We extend the same idea to give an equivariant bijection between alternating sign matrices under rowmotion and under B. Wieland's gyration. Finally, we define two actions with related orders on alternating sign matrices and totally symmetric self-complementary plane partitions.Comment: 25 pages, 22 figures; final versio

Evaluation of Lactation Promotion as Part of Baby Friendly Hospital

Decrease of maternal and infant mortality as well as increasing of the exclusive breastfeeding are major public health priorities in Indonesia. In decreasing the maternal and infant mortality, the government developed a program for the community as Baby Friendly Hospital (BFH) to prevent the effects, to support, and to promote breastfeeding. PKU Muhammadiyah hospital in Yogyakarta was one of the BFH program managers. The purpose of this study was to determine the breastfeeding promotion activities as part of BFH at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Yogyakarta.This was a qualitative descriptive study. The findings of this study were inputs consisting of 1) the knowledge and skills to better convey information indicates the quality of human resources. 2) promotion of the policies for all workers to reach the goal. 3) financial promotion is supported by the operating system in the hospital. 4) supporting facility to promote lactation leaflets, posters, ANC class, a breastfeeding counselor and nursing areas. Implementation of lactation promotion was conducted in accordance with program planning of BFH

Savings Promotion, Investment Promotion, and International Competitiveness

In an open economy, savings- and investment-promoting policies may have very different effects on the capital account and on the viability of export-oriented and import-competing industries. The nature of the effects is often ambiguous in analytical models. This paper employs a simulation model that combines a detailed treatment of industry interactions, attention to adjustment dynamics, and an integrated treatment of current and capital account transactions to investigate these effects in both the short and long run. We focus on the different effects of savings- and investment-promoting U.S. tax policies on the viability of U.S. export industries. We compare results under the assumption of no international capital mobility (and no international asset transactions) with those under the assumption of full international mobility (which assumes no barriers to or costs of such transactions). Within the case of capital mobility, we consider the importance of the degree of international asset substitutability -- the extent to which individuals respond to differences in anticipated rates of return by altering their portfolios. Simulation results show that the impacts on export industries differ fundamentally depending on the degree of international capital mobility. In the absence of such mobility, savings- and investment- promoting policies have similar effects on U.S. export industries, with insubstantial effects in the short run and larger. beneficial long-run effects that reflect increases in the productiveness of the U.S. economy. Once international capital mobility is accounted for, however, the effects of the two policies differ from one another in both the short and long run. Subsidizing saving helps U.S. export industries initially but hurts them over the longer term. The reverse is true for a policy that subsidizes investment. These differences, which are robust across a range of model specifications and parameter assumptions, stem from the very different implications of the two types of policies for the capital account of the balance of payments.