Strategy as Problem-Solving

This article proposes a new definition of strategy as problem-solving that challenges the focus on goals and assumptions of order within many post–Cold War approaches to strategy. It argues that the military needs strategy to diagnose the complex problems of the twenty-first century before they can be solved. Inspired by practitioners such as Andrew Marshall and George F. Kennan, this new definition clarifies what strategists do and offers a logic for distinguishing the use of the term strategy. Practitioners will also find problem-solving tools and pedagogies they can adopt today

Keefektifan Problem Solving Strategy (Pss) untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Memecahkan Masalah pada Siswa SMP

This study examined the effectiveness of Problem Solving Strategy (PSS) to improve problem-solving skills at the junior high school students. This is an experimentation research with equivalent time series design. In general, the results showed problem solving strategy (PSS) effected to enhancing problem solving skills at junior high school students, which is proved through hypothetical testing, at pretest and posttest using the scale-test, counted z score 2,201 at significance level (p) = 0.028 < 0.05. The results of hypothetical testing, using the rubric-test, 1st test to 2nd test counted z score 2,207 at significance level (p) = 0.027 < 0.05, which means that H0 is rejected, next on 2nd test to 3rd test counted z scores 2,220 at significance level (p) = 0.026 < 0.05, which means that H0 is rejected and hypothetical testing in 3rd test to 1st test counted z score 2,227 at significance level (p) = 0.027 < 0.05, which means that H0 rejected and H1 accepted. Based on the findings of this research, it is advisable for the teacher guidance and counseling in schools should be able to provide the students needs, train students to develop cognitive skills in problems solving, from an early age by using the technique of problem solving strategy (PSS) as were tested in this study. For further research should further explore the subject with a level and a higher age.Penelitian ini menguji keefektifan Problem Solving Strategy (PSS) untuk meningkatkan keterampilan memecahkan masalah pada siswa SMP. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan rancangan equivalent time series design. Hasil yang diperoleh secara umum problem solving strategy (PSS) memberikan pengaruh untuk meningkatkan keterampilan memecahkan siswa SMP, yang terbukti melalui uji hipotesis saat pretest dan posttest dengan menggunakan skala diperoleh skor z hitung sebesar 2.201 dengan taraf signifikansi (p) = 0,028 < 0,05. Pada hasil uji hipotesis menggunakan rubrik pada tes 1 dengan tes 2 diperoleh skor z hitung sebesar 2.207 dengan taraf signifikansi (p) = 0,027 < 0,05 yang berarti H0 ditolak, dilanjutkan pada hasil tes 2 dengan tes 3 diperoleh skor z hitung sebesar 2.220 dengan taraf signifikansi (p) = 0,026 < 0,05 yang berarti H0 ditolak dan uji hipotesis pada tes 3 dengan tes 1 diperoleh skor z hitung sebesar 2.227 dan taraf signifikansi (p) = 0,027 < 0,05 yang berarti H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Berdasarkan hasil temuan penelitian ini, maka disarankan bagi guru bimbingan dan konseling di sekolah hendaknya dapat membekali kebutuhan siswa sejak dini dengan melatih mengembangkan keterampilan kognitif siswa dalam memecahkan masalah dengan menggunakan teknik problem solving strategy (PSS) yang telah teruji pada penelitian ini. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya hendaknya lebih mengeksplorasi pada subjek dengan tingkatan dan usia yang lebih tinggi

A Novel Genetic Algorithm using Helper Objectives for the 0-1 Knapsack Problem

The 0-1 knapsack problem is a well-known combinatorial optimisation problem. Approximation algorithms have been designed for solving it and they return provably good solutions within polynomial time. On the other hand, genetic algorithms are well suited for solving the knapsack problem and they find reasonably good solutions quickly. A naturally arising question is whether genetic algorithms are able to find solutions as good as approximation algorithms do. This paper presents a novel multi-objective optimisation genetic algorithm for solving the 0-1 knapsack problem. Experiment results show that the new algorithm outperforms its rivals, the greedy algorithm, mixed strategy genetic algorithm, and greedy algorithm + mixed strategy genetic algorithm

An account of cognitive flexibility and inflexibility for a complex dynamic task

Problem solving involves adapting known problem solving methods and strategies to the task at hand (Schunn & Reder, 2001) and cognitive flexibility is considered to be “the human ability to adapt the cognitive processing strategies to face new and unexpected conditions of the environment” (Cañas et al., 2005, p. 95). This work presents an ACT-R 6.0 model of complex problem solving behavior for the dynamic microworld game FireChief (Omodei & Wearing, 1995) that models the performance of participants predisposed to behave either more or less flexibly based on the nature of previous training on the task (Cañas et al., 2005). The model exhibits a greater or lesser degree of cognitive inflexibility in problem solving strategy choice reflecting variations in task training. The model provides an explanation of dynamic task performance compatible with the Competing Strategies paradigm (Taatgen et al., 2006) by creating a second layer of strategy competition that renders it more flexible with respect to strategy learning, and provides an explanation of cognitive inflexibility based on reward mechanism

Problem-solving Strategy: Mathematical Problem-solving Model Within the Polya' Framework

Mathematical problem-solving is very important for students to learn and understand, which can later be used in solving problems that exist in everyday life. This study aims to analyze the mathematical problem-solving model within the framework of Polya’ theory. The subjects in this study were fifth grade students showing their strategy to solve mathematical problem. We analyzed the student’ problem-solving strategy with real word problems and configured their solution. The results of this study are in the problem-solving process, the subject has completed according to the stages of Polya. At each step, the indicators work together in a unique way to solve a math problem. This research initiates that the connection between indicators in problem-solving can form a cycle of resolution. Keywords: problem solving, mathematical problems, mathematics abilit

Knowledge revision in systems based on an informed tree search strategy : application to cartographic generalisation

Many real world problems can be expressed as optimisation problems. Solving this kind of problems means to find, among all possible solutions, the one that maximises an evaluation function. One approach to solve this kind of problem is to use an informed search strategy. The principle of this kind of strategy is to use problem-specific knowledge beyond the definition of the problem itself to find solutions more efficiently than with an uninformed strategy. This kind of strategy demands to define problem-specific knowledge (heuristics). The efficiency and the effectiveness of systems based on it directly depend on the used knowledge quality. Unfortunately, acquiring and maintaining such knowledge can be fastidious. The objective of the work presented in this paper is to propose an automatic knowledge revision approach for systems based on an informed tree search strategy. Our approach consists in analysing the system execution logs and revising knowledge based on these logs by modelling the revision problem as a knowledge space exploration problem. We present an experiment we carried out in an application domain where informed search strategies are often used: cartographic generalisation.Comment: Knowledge Revision; Problem Solving; Informed Tree Search Strategy; Cartographic Generalisation., Paris : France (2008

Investigating the correlation between the frequency of using metacognitive reading strategies and non-routine problem solving successes in fifth grade students

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the frequency of using metacognitive reading strategy use and non-routine problem-solving achievements in fifth grade students. The study was conducted by using the correlational survey model, one of quantitative research methods. The participants of the study consisted of 308 fifth grade students who were studying in public schools in Istanbul and Ankara in 2017-2018 school year and were selected with convenient sampling method. The data of the study were gathered using the form for the frequency of using metacognitive reading strategy by the students and the non-routine problem solving achievement Test. In the study, the form for the frequency of using metacognitive reading strategy was applied in order to determine metacognitive reading strategies of the studies and on the following day, the achievement test including non-routine problems was then applied to the students. Simple Linear Regression Analysis and Pearson Product-Moments Correlation Analysis were used in the analysis of the data obtained in the study. According to the results of the study, there was a positive correlation between the frequency of using metacognitive reading strategy and non-routine problem-solving achievements in fifth grade students and metacognitive reading strategies were a predictor of non-routine problem-solving achievement. © 2018 by authors. All rights reserved

Computational optimisation of robust sheet forming processes

Mathematical optimisation consists of the modelling and solving of optimisation problems. Although both the modelling and the solving are essential for successfully optimising metal forming problems, much of the research published until now has focussed on the solving part, i.e. the development of a specific optimisation algorithm and its application to a specific optimisation problem for a specific metal forming process. We propose a generally applicable optimisation strategy which makes use of FEM simulations of metal forming processes. It consists of a methodology for modelling optimisation problems related to metal forming. Subsequently, screening is applied to reduce the size of the optimisation problem by selecting only the most important design variables. Finally, the reduced optimisation problem is solved by an efficient optimisation algorithm. However, the above strategy is deterministic, which implies that the robustness of the optimum solution is not taken into account. Robustness is a major item in the metal forming industry, hence the deterministic strategy is extended in order to include noise variables (e.g. material variation) in optimisation. This yields a robust optimisation strategy that enables to optimise to a robust solution of the problem, which contributes significantly to the industrial demand to design robust metal forming processes. Just as the deterministic optimisation strategy, it consists of a modelling, screening and solving stage. The deterministic and robust optimisation strategies are compared to each other by application to an analytical test function