ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СТАБИЛЬНЫХ ИЗОТОПОВ ДЛЯ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ МЯСА И МЯСНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ. ОБЗОР

of geographical origin of raw materials and animal-derived products to exclude a possibility of their falsification is quite a complex task,  which requires searching for reliable criteria of identification that  account for an effect of the geoclimatic and anthropogenic factors.  One of the methods for revealing falsification of geographical origin  of food including meat products is a method of analysis of stable  isotopes (2H/1H, 18O/16O, 15N/14N, 13C/12C) and several other  elements. The review describes the main theoretical provisions of  stable isotope analysis and their fractionation, presents the results of the investigation of the isotopic composition of meat raw materials  and products of animal origin for verification of their geographical  origin and feeding systems that differ largely in the content of C3  and C4 plants in the animal diet. Analysis of the C, N and S stable  isotope ratio has a significant potential for authentication of meat raw materials and verification of the origin. In addition, it can be used to detect differences between very similar agricultural production systems, even if the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated.Установление региона происхождения сырья и продуктов животного происхождения для исключения возможности их фальсификации задача достаточно сложная и требует поиска  достоверных критериев идентификации, учитывающих влияние геоклиматических и  антропогенных факторов. Одним из методов выявления фальсификации географического  происхождения пищевых, в том числе мясных продуктов является метод анализа  стабильных изотопов (2H/1H, 18O/16O, 15N/14N, 13C/12C) и некоторых других элементов. В обзоре изложены основные теоретические положения исследования стабильных изотопов и  их фракционирования, представлены результаты исследований изотопного состава мясного  сырья и продуктов животного происхождения для верификации его географического  происхождения и систем откорма, в основном, отличающихся содержанием в рационах  растений С3 и С4-типов фотосинтеза. Анализ соотношения стабильных изотопов C, N и S  обладает значительным потенциалом для аутентификации мясного сырья и продукции для  подтверждения региона происхождения, а также может быть использован для определения различия между очень схожими сельскохозяйственными системами  выращивания, даже если лежащие в основе механизмы не полностью выяснены

Proven traceability strategies using chemometrics for organic food authenticity

Background: risk of fraudulent mislabeling of organic food, driven by higher prices and a more favorable consumer perception, underscores the necessity for accurate authentication of organic products. Different analytical approaches and statistical analysis have been developed to classify between organic and conventional food. Scope and approach: In this review the current analytical approaches to detect organic food mislabeling are described. Potential and validated markers of organic traceability are explained, together with the techniques and statistical analysis employed. In this article, all the different foods have been reviewed and are presented by type of food. Key findings and conclusions: Variations in the elemental and stable isotopic ratios of fertilizers lead to differences in plant food ratios. In the case of animal food products, the distinct ratio in organic results in a final product with a unique elemental and stable isotopic composition. Those could be used for authenticating organic food. In addition, the different fertilization promotes different metabolic pathways leaving a distinct metabolic signature, hence targeted and untargeted metabolomic analysis permits the traceability of organic food. Finally, the use of soft classification models such as SIMCA, PLS-DA or OPLS-DA permits the classification of organic food and enables prediction of whether a new sample is conventional or organic.

Organic produce and production system conformity assessments : eggs and isotope analysis

Eggs were analysed for stable isotope composition, as a measure for organic produce authentication

MODERN ANALYSIS METHODS USE IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF FOOD PRODUCTS

Food products with controlled geographical origin place are in special demand among consumers because of their specific properties, due to climatic, soil characteristics or other factors. The article provides an analysis of regulatory framework for legal goods protection with an indication of their origin place on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries. Existing authentication methods for this type of product are reviewed. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the authors noted the most significant works aimed at confirming the authenticity of food products’ origin place on the example of honey and meat products, which were carried out in the countries of the European Union, Australia, China, Brazil, South Africa, the USA and other countries. It is shown that the most widespread researches aimed at studying values of isotopic ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H), carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), nitrogen (15N/14N) and sulfur (34S/32S) in compounds contained in products that reflect the distribution of «light» and «heavy» isotopes during biological and geochemical processes within a single region. The analysis of the works aimed at studying the qualitative and quantitative composition of trace elements and rare earth metals (As, B, Ba, Cd, Li, Mn, Pd, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, Dy, U, etc.), as well as research of isotopic relations values of some elements (87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb, etc.) in product samples and soils of studied region. The advantages of an integrated research approach, which includes the creation of data array of various indicators values and its in-depth analysis using chemometric algorithms and mathematical modeling methods, are shown

Stable-Isotope Bone Chemistry and Human/Animal Interactions in Historical Archaeology

Stable isotope–based paleodietary work is ideally suited for answering questions about a wide variety of human/animal relationships in historical archaeological contexts in northeastern North America and farther afield. To date, very few published studies have approached historical animal husbandry and trade from an isotopic perspective. We advocate for increased attention to the possibilities of stable-isotope work by (1) explaining why the technique is well suited to address some problems of human/animal relations encountered by historical archaeologists, (2) presenting a literature review of previous stable-isotope work on human/ animal interaction in historical North America, and (3) offering a short case study on the dietary life history of an individual pig raised at the archaeological site of Ferryland, Newfoundland, Canada, based on stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope data from serially sectioned dental collagen

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for food authentication

With the globalisation of food markets, food authentication has become a significant concern worldwide to ensure food safety and to avoid origin and quality fraud. A multi-elemental fingerprint is a powerful tool for detection of adulterants and geographical origin of foods. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique that can provide a mineral fingerprint of food products. LIBS allows a rapid, high-throughput, micro-destructive and multi-elemental analysis of a wide range of samples type. It has already been demonstrated by several authors that LIBS can be successfully used for food authentication. Although LIBS shows excellent potential for at-line or portable applications, improvement in sensitivity of trace elements detection, sample preparation, data analysis and instrument miniaturisation are needed

Food forensics

The food market nowadays accounts for huge incomes and therefore it is an easy target for falsification. This recalls the urgency for reliable and powerful diagnostic techniques, in order to develop analytical protocols for identification of frauds. MS-based strategies of analysis are definitely suitable for this task and have become in the last years of paramount importance in the field of food forensics. Sophisticated techniques have been developed that request short times of analysis and allow the identification of specific parameters, useful as classification markers. The wide range of techniques available [i.e. isotopic analysis, inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), hyphenated systems, stand-alone systems] allow to address a wide range of analytical questions pertaining to food authentication and traceability

The Effect of the Meat Factor in Animal-Source Foods on Micronutrient Absorption: A Scoping Review

The EAT-Lancet Commission's planetary health guidelines suggest a reduction in the consumption of animal-source foods (ASFs) for better health and more sustainable food systems. ASFs are highly nutrient dense, therefore suited to address the widespread issue of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in low-resource settings where diets are predominantly plant based. ASFs are also believed to contain the meat factor, a substance enhancing the absorption of micronutrients from plant-based foods. We conducted a scoping review with the objective of systematically mapping the available evidence on the meat factor. The MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for literature published up to September 2021. Articles eligible for inclusion were all studies assessing the effect of adding ASFs and/or ASF fractions on micronutrient absorption from a plant-based meal or the overall diet in animal models and human subjects. Screening and data extraction were performed, and results were charted into 12 categories. We identified 77 articles eligible for inclusion, 52 of which were conducted in human subjects, 24 in animal models, and 1 in both. The addition of muscle tissue and muscle tissue fractions to single plant-based meals steadily increased absorption of iron and zinc across studies. The efficacy of the meat factor in increasing iron and zinc absorption in the overall diet is less clear. No clear differences emerged between red meat, poultry, and fish in promoting the meat factor effect. No clear evidence indicates that milk and egg products contain the meat factor. Our review highlights the importance of muscle tissue for the potential of the meat factor to enhance absorption of micronutrients of concern. Although the literature supports including sustainable and economically accessible forms of these ASFs into the diet, we found limited studies in resource-poor countries and of diets with low meat intake.publishedVersio

Stable isotope analysis of soft tissues from mummified human remains

Mummies are faunal remains that include the preservation of soft tissues, such as skin, muscle, nails and hair as well as bone. These soft tissues are generally rich in collagen or keratin proteins and thus provide potentially suitable material for stable isotope studies. When preserved, such tissues can provide high-resolution information about the diet and migration of humans in the weeks and months before death. Hair, nails and soft tissue provide short-term (months) dietary information in contrast to bone which will represent 5–20 years of dietary history prior to death, depending on the bone analysed. Such high-resolution data can answer questions on the season of death, seasonality of food resources and the movement and relocation of people. This review begins with a summary of the most common isotope techniques (13C/12C, 15N/14N) and the tissues concerned, followed by an analysis of the key questions that have been addressed using these methods. Until relatively recently work has focused on bulk protein isotope analysis, but in the last 10 years this has been expanded to on-line compound-specific amino acid analysis and to a wider variety of isotopes (18O/16O, 2H/1H and 34S/32S) and these applications are also discussed