The Impact of glucose and glucoregulation on memory

The effect of glucose on memory has been investigated for in excess of 25 years, with some consensus generated amongst the literature indicating that glucose has a facilitating effect. However, the robustness of the glucose effect has been questioned, with a considerable body of evidence reporting no glucose facilitation of memory. It has been suggested that glucoregulatory control may be a key mediating factor of the glucose effect. Glucoregulatory control and cognitive functioning are intrinsically linked, with cognitive impairments a common feature in populations presenting with poor glucoregulatory control such as diabetics, Alzheimer‘s disease sufferers, schizophrenics and the elderly. Although again the evidence has proven contradictory, with evidence to suggest that both better and poorer glucoregulators are more / less susceptible to the glucose effects on cognition. Verbal declarative memory has been reported to be the most reliably enhanced aspect of memory to benefit from a glucose effect. However, it is not yet clear whether verbal declarative memory as a whole is being facilitated, or whether the different phases of memory (encoding, consolidation, retrieval etc.) are differentially targeted. Consequently the primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of glucoregulatory control and glucose, on the different phases of verbal declarative memory. This was achieved through the use of novel paradigms employed previously within the cognitive sciences literature. Chapter 2 addressed a secondary aim of this thesis; investigating the current gap in the literature pertaining to the effect of glucose administration on cognition in children. Chapter 3 investigated the types of recognition (recollection and familiarity) that were made subsequent to a glucose load, using the ?remember/know‘ paradigm. Chapter 4 investigated encoding efficiency during the item method directed forgetting paradigm, in which participants actively attempt to forget specific stimuli through cessation of encoding. In chapters 5 and 6 the potential mediation of inhibition processes was explored, with both semantically related (Retrieval Induced Forgetting paradigm) and orthographically similar but semantically unrelated stimuli (Memory Blocking Effect paradigm). The tentative evidence presented in this thesis indicates that glucoregulatory control may mediate the glucose facilitation effect during the encoding phase, with better regulators seemingly benefiting from greater encoding benefits than poorer following glucose. Glucose was not observed to influence inhibition processes, or types of recognitions made. However, better glucoregulators exhibited more efficient adaptive inhibition (overcoming inhibition of blocking items to continue searching the lexicon and increased inhibition of semantically related competing stimuli). Administration of glucose did not mediate cognition in children, with the exception of an impairment of performance on a challenging reaction time task following 20 g of glucose. Memory phases are seemingly differentially affected by glucose administration, with the effect mediated by glucoregulatory control. Utilising the paradigms employed here (or similar) to investigate a range of populations presenting with cognitive decline / glucoregulatory control, would further allow the glucose and glucoregulatory effects on the different phases of memory to be further disentangled

The impact of glucose and glucoregulation on memory

The effect of glucose on memory has been investigated for in excess of 25 years, with some consensus generated amongst the literature indicating that glucose has a facilitating effect. However, the robustness of the glucose effect has been questioned, with a considerable body of evidence reporting no glucose facilitation of memory. It has been suggested that glucoregulatory control may be a key mediating factor of the glucose effect. Glucoregulatory control and cognitive functioning are intrinsically linked, with cognitive impairments a common feature in populations presenting with poor glucoregulatory control such as diabetics, Alzheimer‘s disease sufferers, schizophrenics and the elderly. Although again the evidence has proven contradictory, with evidence to suggest that both better and poorer glucoregulators are more / less susceptible to the glucose effects on cognition. Verbal declarative memory has been reported to be the most reliably enhanced aspect of memory to benefit from a glucose effect. However, it is not yet clear whether verbal declarative memory as a whole is being facilitated, or whether the different phases of memory (encoding, consolidation, retrieval etc.) are differentially targeted. Consequently the primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of glucoregulatory control and glucose, on the different phases of verbal declarative memory. This was achieved through the use of novel paradigms employed previously within the cognitive sciences literature. Chapter 2 addressed a secondary aim of this thesis; investigating the current gap in the literature pertaining to the effect of glucose administration on cognition in children. Chapter 3 investigated the types of recognition (recollection and familiarity) that were made subsequent to a glucose load, using the 'remember/know' paradigm. Chapter 4 investigated encoding efficiency during the item method directed forgetting paradigm, in which participants actively attempt to forget specific stimuli through cessation of encoding. In chapters 5 and 6 the potential mediation of inhibition processes was explored, with both semantically related (Retrieval Induced Forgetting paradigm) and orthographically similar but semantically unrelated stimuli (Memory Blocking Effect paradigm). The tentative evidence presented in this thesis indicates that glucoregulatory control may mediate the glucose facilitation effect during the encoding phase, with better regulators seemingly benefiting from greater encoding benefits than poorer following glucose. Glucose was not observed to influence inhibition processes, or types of recognitions made. However, better glucoregulators exhibited more efficient adaptive inhibition (overcoming inhibition of blocking items to continue searching the lexicon and increased inhibition of semantically related competing stimuli). Administration of glucose did not mediate cognition in children, with the exception of an impairment of performance on a challenging reaction time task following 20 g of glucose. Memory phases are seemingly differentially affected by glucose administration, with the effect mediated by glucoregulatory control. Utilising the paradigms employed here (or similar) to investigate a range of populations presenting with cognitive decline/glucoregulatory control, would further allow the glucose and glucoregulatory effects on the different phases of memory to be further disentangled.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Psychologie und Gehirn 2007

Die Fachtagung "Psychologie und Gehirn" ist eine traditionelle Tagung aus dem Bereich psychophysiologischer Grundlagenforschung. 2007 fand diese Veranstaltung, die 33. Jahrestagung der „Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychophysiologie und ihre Anwendungen (DGPA)“, in Dortmund unter der Schirmherrschaft des Instituts für Arbeitsphysiologie (IfADo) statt. Neben der Grundlagenforschung ist auch die Umsetzung in die Anwendung erklärtes Ziel der DGPA und dieser Tradition folgend wurden Beiträge aus vielen Bereichen moderner Neurowissenschaft (Elektrophysiologie, bildgebende Verfahren, Peripherphysiologie, Neuroendokrinologie, Verhaltensgenetik, u.a.) präsentiert und liegen hier in Kurzform vor

General Psychology: An Introduction

The NOBA Project is a growing collection of expert-authored, open-licensed modules in psychology, funded by the Diener Education Fund. From these open modules, Tori Kearns and Deborah Lee created an arranged open textbook for her introductory psychology class. This textbook was created under a Round One ALG Textbook Transformation Grant. Accessible files with optical character recognition (OCR) and auto-tagging provided by the Center for Inclusive Design and Innovation.https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/psychology-textbooks/1000/thumbnail.jp

Epidemiology of Injury in English Women's Super league Football: A Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of injury in male professional football has been well documented (Ekstrand, Hägglund, & Waldén, 2011) and used as a basis to understand injury trends for a number of years. The prevalence and incidence of injuries occurring in womens super league football is unknown. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of injury in an English Super League Women’s Football squad. METHODS: Following ethical approval from Leeds Beckett University, players (n = 25) signed to a Women’s Super League Football club provided written informed consent to complete a self-administered injury survey. Measures of exposure, injury and performance over a 12-month period was gathered. Participants were classified as injured if they reported a football injury that required medical attention or withdrawal from participation for one day or more. Injuries were categorised as either traumatic or overuse and whether the injury was a new injury and/or re-injury of the same anatomical site RESULTS: 43 injuries, including re-injury were reported by the 25 participants providing a clinical incidence of 1.72 injuries per player. Total incidence of injury was 10.8/1000 h (95% CI: 7.5 to 14.03). Participants were at higher risk of injury during a match compared with training (32.4 (95% CI: 15.6 to 48.4) vs 8.0 (95% CI: 5.0 to 10.85)/1000 hours, p 28 days) of which there were three non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The epidemiological incidence proportion was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.95) and the average probability that any player on this team will sustain at least one injury was 80.0% (95% CI: 64.3% to 95.6%) CONCLUSION: This is the first report capturing exposure and injury incidence by anatomical site from a cohort of English players and is comparable to that found in Europe (6.3/1000 h (95% CI 5.4 to 7.36) Larruskain et al 2017). The number of ACL injuries highlights a potential injury burden for a squad of this size. Multi-site prospective investigations into the incidence and prevalence of injury in women’s football are require

Sleep homeostasis in the European jackdaw (<i>Coloeus monedula</i>):Sleep deprivation increases NREM sleep time and EEG power while reducing hemispheric asymmetry

Introduction: Sleep is a wide-spread phenomenon that is thought to occur in all animals. Yet, the function of it remains an enigma. Conducting sleep experiments in different species may shed light on the evolution and functions of sleep. Therefore, we studied sleep architecture and sleep homeostatic responses to sleep deprivation in the European jackdaw (Coloeus monedula).Methods: A total of nine young adult birds were implanted with epidural electrodes and equipped with miniature data loggers for recording movement activity (accelerometery) and electroencephalogram (EEG). Individually-housed jackdaws were recorded under controlled conditions with a 12:12-h light-dark cycle.Results: During baseline, the birds spent on average 48.5% of the time asleep (39.8% non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and 8.7% rapid eye movement (REM) sleep). Most of the sleep occurred during the dark phase (dark phase: 75.3% NREM sleep and 17.2% REM sleep; light phase 4.3% NREM sleep and 0.1% REM sleep). After sleep deprivation of 4 and 8 h starting at lights off, the birds showed a dose-dependent increase in NREM sleep time. Also, NREM sleep EEG power in the 1.5–3 Hz frequency range, which is considered to be a marker of sleep homeostasis in mammals, was significantly increased for 1-2 h after both 4SD and 8SD. While there was little true unihemispheric sleep in the Jackdaws, there was a certain degree of hemispheric asymmetry in NREM sleep EEG power during baseline, which reduced after sleep deprivation in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: In conclusion, jackdaws display homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep and sleep pressure promotes coherence in EEG power

Exploring perspectives of people with type-1 diabetes on goalsetting strategies within self-management education and care

Background. Collaborative goal-setting strategies are widely recommended for diabetes self-management support within healthcare systems. Creating self-management plans that fit with peoples’ own goals and priorities has been linked with better diabetic control. Consequently, goal-setting has become a core component of many diabetes selfmanagement programmes such as the ‘Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) programme’. Within DAFNE, people with Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) develop their own goals along with action-plans to stimulate goal-achievement. While widely implemented, limited research has explored how goal-setting strategies are experienced by people with diabetes.Therefore, this study aims to explore the perspectives of people with T1D on theimplementation and value of goal-setting strategies within DAFNE and follow-up diabetes care. Furthermore, views on barriers and facilitators to goal-attainment are explored.Methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people with T1D who attended a DAFNE-programme. Following a longitudinal qualitative research design, interviews took place 1 week, and 6-8 months after completion of DAFNE. A recurrent cross-sectional approach is applied in which themes will be identified at each time-point using thematic analyses.Expected results. Preliminary identified themes surround the difference in value that participants place on goal-setting strategies, and the lack of support for goal-achievement within diabetes care.Current stage. Data collection complete; data-analysis ongoing.Discussion. Goal-setting strategies are increasingly included in guidelines for diabetes support and have become essential parts of many primary care improvement schemes. Therefore, exploring the perspectives of people with T1D on the value and implementation of goal-setting strategies is vital for their optimal application