O comportamento do osso alveolar diante da doença periodontal

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Odontologia.A doença periodontal é uma condição multifatorial na qual ocorre o desequilíbrio entre os processos de reabsorção e reparo do osso alveolar e que resulta em perda do mesmo. As bactérias que desencadeiam tal destruição liberam produtos que atuam na desmineralização óssea além de estimular células do próprio hospedeiro, as quais secretam mediadores inflamatórios que regulam este processo patológico, sendo assim o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro tem grande influência na progressão da doença. Além disso, alguns dos mediadores que atuam no sistema imunológico agem também na regulação do sistema ósseo. Dentre os mediadores encontram-se as citocinas do tipo interleucina (IL-1, IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral e prostaglandinas. Diante disto, estudou-se o comportamento do osso alveolar diante da doença periodontal, como ocorre a osteoclasia, porque não é compensada pela osteogênese e comparou-se com a atividade fisiológica normal. Foi possível concluir que o controle da degradação dos tecidos periodontais depende principalmente do controle das citocinas presentes no tecido periodontal inflamado e da sua atuação sobre os osteoclastos

Análisis in silico de la expresión génica en células de granulosa de folículos preovulatorios en dos especies de bovinos

Buffaloes and cattle are two species of bovines with great similarity in their reproductive physiology, but at the same time with great difference in their reproductive parameters. The objective of this work is to compare gene expression in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles of these two species, based on information available in the literature, existing transcriptome repositories and functional analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Only two independent studies comparing buffalo and cattle in terms of gene expression in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles were found. Expression data were analyzed independently and in combination. It was found that, between buffaloes and cattle, there is practically no correspondence between the processes evaluated, neither in the canonical pathways, nor in the upstream regulators, only some correspondence is found between the networks and physiological aspects of each process. It is concluded that each species has a different way of carrying out the same process and that each event should be studied according to the needs of the researchers.Los búfalos y vacunos son dos especies de bovinos con gran parecido en su fisiología reproductiva, pero a la vez con gran diferencia en sus parámetros reproductivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar la expresión génica en células de granulosa de folículos preovulatorios de estas dos especies, basados en información disponible en la literatura, los repositorios de transcriptomas existentes y en el análisis funcional usando Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Sólo se encontraron dos estudios independientes en los que se comparan búfalos y vacunos en cuanto a la expresión génica en células de la granulosa de folículos preovulatorios. Se analizaron los datos de expresión de forma independiente y combinada. Se encontró que, entre búfalos y vacunos, prácticamente no hay correspondencia entre los procesos evaluados, ni en las vías canónicas, ni en los reguladores corriente arriba, solamente se encuentra alguna correspondencia entre las redes y aspectos fisiológicos de cada proceso. Se concluye que cada especie tiene forma diferente de realizar el mismo proceso y que debe investigarse cada evento de acuerdo con las necesidades de los investigadores

Alergia alimentaria no mediada por IgE

La alergia alimentaria es una respuesta inmunitaria a las proteínas de los alimentos. Suele afectar al 8% de los niños y al 2% de los adultos en países occidentales. La alergia alimentaria no mediada por IgE afecta, principalmente, el aparato gastrointestinal. Las alergias alimentarias gastrointestinales se clasifican, por su patogenia subyacente, en: mediadas por IgE, no mediadas por IgE, o mixtas. Los síntomas de pacientes con proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteínas alimentarias se originan por la inflamación local del colon distal, que causa hematoquecia en neonatos. Puede afectar todo el conducto gastrointestinal y provocar síntomas de emesis intratable, con subsiguientes trastornos metabólicos y choque hipovolémico. El síndrome de enterocolitis inducida por proteínas alimentarias es una alergia no mediada por IgE que suele aparecer en la infancia, con vómito prolongado repetitivo, que inicia entre 1 a 4 horas después de la ingestión de alimentos. La manifestación en adultos suele desencadenarse por el consumo de mariscos. Las enfermedades atópicas afectan del 40-60% de los pacientes con síndrome de enterocolitis inducida por proteínas alimentarias, incluso al 40-50% de quienes padecen enteropatía y proctocolitis inducidas por proteínas alimentarias. Los probióticos (Lactobacillus GG) pueden aliviar los síntomas de proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteínas alimentarias, al alterar la composición de la microbiota intestinal. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) puede cambiar la microecología intestinal de manera eficiente comparada con los alimentos o probióticos

Impact of Liver Inflammation on Bile Acid Side Chain Shortening and Amidation

Bile acid; Inflammation; Oncostatin MÀcid biliar; Inflamació; Oncostatina MÁcido biliar; Inflamación; Oncostatina MBile acid (BA) synthesis from cholesterol by hepatocytes is inhibited by inflammatory cytokines. Whether liver inflammation also affects BA side chain shortening and conjugation was investigated. In human liver cell lines (IHH, HepG2, and HepaRG), agonists of nuclear receptors including the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), liver X receptor (LXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) did not affect the expression of BA-related peroxisomal enzymes. In contrast, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) inhibition down-regulated acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (ACOX2). ACOX2 was repressed by fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which was prevented by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibition. These changes were paralleled by altered BA synthesis (HPLC-MS/MS). Cytokines able to down-regulate cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) had little effect on peroxisomal enzymes involved in BA synthesis except for ACOX2 and bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT), which were down-regulated, mainly by oncostatin M (OSM). This effect was prevented by Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition, which restored BA side chain shortening and conjugation. The binding of OSM to the extracellular matrix accounted for a persistent effect after culture medium replacement. In silico analysis of four databases (n = 201) and a validation cohort (n = 90) revealed an inverse relationship between liver inflammation and ACOX2/BAAT expression which was associated with changes in HNF4α levels. In conclusion, BA side chain shortening and conjugation are inhibited by inflammatory effectors. However, other mechanisms involved in BA homeostasis counterbalance any significant impact on the serum BA profile.This study was supported by the CIBERehd (EHD15PI05/2016) and Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (PI19/00819, PI20/00189, and PI20/01663 co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund, “Investing in your future”); Junta de Castilla y Leon (SA074P20); Fundació Marato TV3 (Ref. 201916/31), Spain; AECC Scientific Foundation (2017/2020), Spain; Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) at the University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Germany (Project A-E-384 to H.M.H.); grants PID2019-111669-RB-I00, PID2020-115055RB-I00 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Spain; the AGAUR of the Generalidad de Cataluña SGR-2017-1112, Spain; and European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Action CA17112. R.E.E was recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from “Junta de Castilla y León” and “Fondo Social Europeo” (EDU/574/2018). J.A. was recipient of a grant from Fundación Echebano (2020–2022)

Kaposi's Sarcoma and infection with herpesvirus type 8

description by Moritz Kaposi in 1872. The great interest in its epidemiology has been tremendous stimulated with the beginning of the complex of disorders, now known as AIDS. The cell origin, the concept of multicentricity versus metastases, the hormonal dependence and its hypothetically infectious origin, that contains the concept of reactive hyperplasia versus a true cancer, continue as matters of great investigation and controversy. Pathogenesis seems to involve a predisposed individual, genetically susceptible and/or immunologically compromised (iatrogenic or organically) who have a latent infection or comes into contact with a infectious agent, most likely a virus. The recent discovery of DNA sequences related to gammaherpesviruses in Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions of all epidemiological types, has led to the hypothesis that a newly identified virus, referred to as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), has an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The development of serologic markers for HHV-8 infection, the possibilities of propagation of these DNA sequences, the seroconversion to positivity for antibodies against HHV-8-related nuclear antigens before the clinical appearance of Kaposi’s sarcoma, supports, as a whole, the hypothesis that Kaposi’s sarcoma results from infection of HHV-8/KSHV

Fibroblasts growth factor and nerve fragments effect on tibial nerve regeneration in rats: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively compare rats' tibial nerve regeneration stimulation by Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and nerve fragments using silicone tubes. METHODS: 18 Wistar rats were employed in this experiment. The experimental surgery consisted of resection of an 8-mm tibial nerve segment, followed by an interposition of silicone tubes. On the right side, the tube was filled with a Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) solution, and on the left side, it was filled with 1 mm nerve segments. After three months, the animals were submitted to an additional surgery for exposing tibial nerves to the neuronal marker Fluoro-Gold®. After 48 hours, they were perfused with a paraformaldehyde solution and the medullar segment between L3 and S1 was removed and cut into 40 mum-thick segments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of neuronal counts showed a higher amount of neurons on the side where FGF was used compared to the side where nervous fragments were placed, suggesting a superior performance of the fibroblast growth factor over nerve fragments for stimulating nervous regeneration in silicone tubes.OBJETIVO: Comparar quantitativamente, a estimulação da regeneração do nervo tibial de ratos pelo Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos e por fragmentos de nervo dentro tubos de silicone. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 18 ratos da raça Wistar. A cirurgia consistiu inicialmente na ressecção de um segmento de 8 mm do nervo tibial, seguida da interposição com tubos de silicone. No lado direito, o tubo foi preenchido com solução de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos (FGF) e, no lado esquerdo, com segmentos do nervo cortados em fragmentos de 1 mm. Após três meses, os animais foram submetidos a nova cirurgia para exposição dos nervos tibiais ao marcador neuronal Fluro-Gold®. Quarenta e oito horas após a exposição ao corante, os ratos foram perfundidos com solução de paraformaldeído e o segmento medular entre L3 e S1 foi removido e cortado em fatias de 40 micrômetros de espessura. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: os resultados da contagem neuronal mostraram maior quantidade de neurônios no lado onde foi colocado FGF em relação ao lado onde foram colocados fragmentos nervosos, demonstrando que o fator de crescimento de fibroblastos é superior a fragmentos de nervos na estimulação da regeneração nervosa quando colocados no tubo de silicone.UNIFESPUNIFESP Departamento de Ortopedia e TraumatologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de Ortopedia e TraumatologiaSciEL

XIII Reunión Post-ECTRIMS : revisión de las novedades presentadas en el Congreso ECTRIMS 2020 (I)

Introducción: Desde hace más de una década, tras el congreso ECTRIMS, se celebra en España la reunión Post-ECTRIMS, donde neurólogos expertos en esclerosis múltiple (EM) de toda España se reúnen para revisar las principales novedades presentadas en el ECTRIMS (en esta ocasión, celebrado junto con el ACTRIMS). Objetivo: En el presente artículo, publicado en dos partes, se resumen las ponencias que tuvieron lugar en la reunión Post-ECTRIMS, celebrada los días 16 y 17 de octubre de 2020 de forma virtual. Desarrollo. En esta primera parte se incluyen los últimos resultados acerca del impacto del ambiente y el estilo de vida sobre el riesgo de EM y su curso clínico, y el papel de la epigenética y los factores genéticos sobre estos procesos. Se discuten los hallazgos en investigación preclínica y clínica sobre los subtipos de linfocitos identificados, y la implicación de los folículos linfoides y la afectación meníngea en la enfermedad. Los cambios en la estructura cerebral se abordan a nivel microscópico y macroscópico, incluyendo resultados de técnicas de imagen de alta resolución. También se presentan los últimos avances sobre biomarcadores para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico de la EM, y sobre la afectación del microbioma en estos pacientes. Por último, se esbozan los resultados de registros de pacientes sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en los pacientes con EM. Conclusiones: Ha habido nuevos datos sobre factores de riesgo de la EM, impacto de la EM a nivel celular y estructural, papel del microbioma en la enfermedad, biomarcadores y la relación entre COVID-19 y EM.Introduction. For more than a decade, following the ECTRIMS Congress, the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Spain, where neurologists with expertise in multiple sclerosis (MS) from all over the country meet to review the most relevant latest developments presented at the ECTRIMS congress (on this occasion held together with ACTRIMS). Aim. This article, published in two parts, summarises the presentations that took place at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, held online on 16 and 17 October 2020. Development. This first part includes the latest results regarding the impact of the environment and lifestyle on risk of MS and its clinical course, and the role of epigenetics and genetic factors on these processes. Findings from preclinical and clinical research on the lymphocyte subtypes identified and the involvement of lymphoid follicles and meningeal involvement in the disease are discussed. Changes in brain structure are addressed at the microscopic and macroscopic levels, including results from high-resolution imaging techniques. The latest advances on biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, and on the involvement of the microbiome in these patients are also reported. Finally, results from patient registries on the impact of COVID-19 in MS patients are outlined. Conclusions. There have been new data on MS risk factors, the impact of MS at the cellular and structural level, the role of the microbiome in the disease, biomarkers, and the relationship between COVID-19 and MS

Ácidos grasos y tratamiento dietético de la artrosis canina basado en la evidencia

La Osteoartritis es una enfermedad inflamatoria y degenerativa del cartílogo articular, cuyo tratamiento es multifactorial. Se sabe que puede responder a la adición de ácidos grasos, concretamente de ácido eicosapentanoico, en la dieta, como verifican estudios realizados con análisis de placas de fuerza.

Uso de nutracéuticos como tratamiento en la artrosis

[Resumen] La artrosis (osteoarthritis, OA) es una enfermedad crónica sin tratamiento efectivo, cuya prevalencia es cada vez mayor, siendo la principal causa de disfunción en personas de edad avanzada. Se ha demostrado en numerosos estudios que la dieta es un factor muy importante a la hora de reducir la inflamación producida durante la OA, más concretamente la dieta mediterránea, en la que el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) ha demostrado tener un papel beneficioso. Por ello, se decidió llevar a cabo un estudio con una línea celular de condrocitos inmortalizada, “TC28A2”, en la cual se analizó la expresión de mediadores catabólicos inducida por interleucina- 1β (IL-1β) y oncostatina-M (OSM), a nivel de proteína y ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm) y, se estudió el efecto del DHA a diferentes concentraciones (10 μM y 50 μM). Para ello, se llevaron a cabo tres técnicas experimentales: reacción cuantitativa en cadena de la polimerasa (q-PCR) para la medida de expresión de diferentes genes, cuantificación de proteínas mediante western blot y, detección de la producción de la ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2) mediante inmunocitoquímica. Los resultados obtenidos no muestran un efecto protector significativo del DHA en la reducción de la reacción inflamatoria inducida en la línea celular condrocítica. Además, la concentración de DHA 50 μM provocó un efecto negativo en la viabilidad y comportamiento de las células.[Resumo] A artrose (osteoarthritis, OA) é unha enfermidade crónica sen tratamento efectivo, cuxa prevalencia é cada vez maior, sendo a principal causa de disfunción en persoas de idade avanzada. Demostrouse en numerosos estudios que a dieta é un factor moi importante á hora de reducir a inflamación producida durante a OA, mais concretamente a dieta mediterránea, na que o ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) demostrou ter un papel beneficioso. Por iso, decidiuse levar a cabo un estudio cunha liña celular de condrocitos inmortalizada, “TC28A2”, na cal analizouse a expresión de mediadores catabólicos inducida por interleucina-1β (IL-1β) e oncostatina-M (OSM), a nivel de proteína e ácido ribonucleico mensaxeiro (ARNm) e, se estudou o efecto do DHA a diferentes concentracións (10 μM y 50 μM). Para iso, leváronse a cabo tres técnicas experimentais: reacción cuantitativa en cadena da polimerasa (q-PCR) para a medida de expresión de diferentes xenes, cuantificación de proteínas mediante western blot e, detección da produción da ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2) mediante inmunocitoquímica. Os resultados obtidos non mostraron un efecto protector significativo do DHA na redución da reacción inflamatoria inducida na liña celular condrocítica. Ademais, a concentración de DHA 50 μM provocou un efecto negativo na viabilidade e comportamento das células.[Abstract] Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease without an effective treatment, whose prevalence is increasing, being the main cause of dysfunction in elderly people. Numerous studies have shown that diet is a very important factor to reduce the inflammation produced during OA, more specifically the mediterranean diet, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to play a beneficial role. Therefore, it was decided to carry out a study with an immortalized chondrocytic cell line, "TC28A2", where the expression of catabolic mediators induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and oncostatin-M (OSM) was analysed, at protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels and, the effect of DHA at different concentrations (10 μM and 50 μM) was studied. To do this, three experimental techniques were carried out: quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) for the measurement of expression of different genes, quantification of proteins by western blot and, the detection of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production by immunocytochemistry. The results obtained did not show a significant protective effect of DHA in reducing the inflammatory reaction induced in the chondrocytic cell line. In addition, the concentration of DHA 50 μM caused a negative effect on cell viability and behavior.Traballo fin de mestrado (UDC.FCS). Asistencia e investigación sanitaria. Especialidade en Fundamentos de investigación biomédica. Curso 2021/202

Remodeling of the lower and upper airways

Remodelamento pode ser definido como modelar novamente ou de forma diferente, reconstruir. Trata-se de um aspecto crítico do processo de reparação de lesões em todos os órgãos, representando um evento dinâmico de produção e degradação de matriz, em reação a inflamação, levando à reconstrução normal do tecido ou à formação de um tecido patológico. OBJETIVO E MÉTODO: Comparar os dados existentes em literatura entre o remodelamento de vias aéreas inferiores e superiores. RESULTADO: Asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a remodelamento de vias aéreas. Na rinite alérgica, outra doença inflamatória crônica, o remodelamento é ainda pouco entendido. Apesar de a inflamação ser similar na rinite alérgica e asma, a extensão patológica do remodelamento nasal, assim como sua repercussão clínica, pode ser diferente dos brônquios. CONCLUSÃO: O remodelamento nas vias aéreas superiores ocorre em menor intensidade que nas vias inferiores, mas é aparente que a estrutura da mucosa nasal de pacientes com rinite não é normal.Remodeling is defined as modeling again or differently, as reconstructing. Remodeling is a critical aspect of wound repair in all organs; it represents a dynamic process that associates the production and degradation of matrix in reaction to inflammation. This leads to normal reconstruction or a pathologic process. AIM AND METHODS: To compare data in the current literature on upper and lower airways. RESULTS: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with abnormal airways remodeling. In allergic rhinitis, another chronic inflammatory disease, remodeling is still poorly understood. Even though inflammation is similar in allergic rhinitis and asthma, the pathologic extent of nasal remodeling, as well as its clinical consequences, might be different from those in bronchi. CONCLUSION: Remodeling occurs less in upper airways compared to lower airways; it is apparent, however, that the structure of the rhinitic nose is not normal