Revision of the currently authorised maximum copper content in complete feed

The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) reviewed (i) the copper requirements of food-producing and pet animals, (ii) the copper concentration in feed materials and complete feed, (iii) the copper bioavailability, and (iv) the calculated background copper concentration of complete feed. Also considered were (i) the influence of dietary copper on gut microbiota profile and on the bacterial antibiotic resistance in target animals and (ii) the environmental occurrence of bacterial heavy metal tolerance (copper resistance) and resistance to certain antibiotics. The data collected supported the possibility of a reduction in some of the currently authorised maximum contents (CAMC) for total copper in feed. The EFSA Panel developed an algorithm to derive newly proposed maximum contents (NPMC) from the requirement and the native dietary copper content. The NPMC (mg Cu/kg complete feed) comprised of maintained (m), decreased (d) and increased (i) values: 15 for bovine before the start of rumination (m), 30 for other bovine (d), 35 for caprine (i), 15 for ovine (m), 50 for crustacean (m) and 25 for other animal species ((d) for piglets up to 12 weeks, (m) for all other species). The NMPC support health, welfare and economic productivity of target animals, except piglets; performance of weaned piglets would be impacted. The NPMC values would not likely have any consequences on the consumers\u2019 intake of copper and are of no concern for the safety of the consumer. The reduction from 170 mg to 25 mg Cu/kg feed piglets would have the capacity to save 1,200 tonnes copper/year being spread in the field and thus, to reduce total copper emissions from farm animal production by about 20%. Thus, the reduction of the CAMC to the NPMC would have a significant impact on the concentrations of copper in the environment of piggeries

Jatropha meal and protein isolate as a protein source in aquafeed

As aquaculture continues to develop, there will be an increasing need to use alternative plant proteins in aquaculture diets so that aqua eco-systems will be sustainable. Jatropha (DJKM, H-JPKM and DJPI) can be used as protein rich sources in the diets of fish and shrimp. There is a high potential for the safe use of DJKM, H-JPKM and DJPI in diets for fish and shrimp without compromising performance, provided that these ingredients are free of toxic factors. The detoxification process developed in Hohenheim is simple and robust and produces products that are safe and of good quality. Their addition to fish and shrimp diets gave excellent performance responses without any ill effects on animal health or safety. Effects on growth and nutrient utilization: ? Detoxified Jatropha kernel meal, H-JPKM and DJPI could replace 50%, 62.5% and 75% fish meal protein respectively without compromising growth performance and nutrient utilization in fish. In addition, DJKM could also replace 50% fish meal protein with no adverse effects on growth and nutrient utilization in shrimp. If the replacement levels are exceeded, the producer must examine the nutrient profile of the feeds carefully to ensure that desired production levels can be achieved and fish and shrimp health maintained. ? High inclusion (>50% fish meal protein replacement) of DJKM decreased the efficiency of conversion of feed to body mass. This could be explained partly by the increased mean feed intake which was possibly a reaction to the reduced protein retention, measured as protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. No such effects were seen with the use of DJPI in common carp diets. ? Increased DJKM inclusion in diets caused a significant lowering of protein, lipid and energy digestibilities. No such effects were seen when DJPI was used in common carp diets. Effects on energy budget: ? Feeding DJKM and H-JPKM to common carp and Nile tilapia respectively did not change the major components of the energy budget (routine metabolic rate, heat released and metabolisable energy) compared to fish meal and soybean meal fed groups. These results revealed that dietary protein sources DJKM and H-JPKM can be efficiently utilized for growth by common carp and Nile tilapia respectively, as well as soybean meal and fish meal. Effects on expression of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 encoding genes ? As the level of DJKM inclusion increased in the common carp diet, growth rate decreased. The expression of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in liver also decreased with increase of DJKM in the diet and that of the growth hormone in liver decreased. Effects on clinical health parameters and gut health: ? No mortality and unaffected haematological values suggested the fish were all in normal health. Alkaline phosphatase and ALT activities; urea nitrogen, bilirubin and creatinine concentration in blood were in the normal ranges which showed that there was no liver or kidney dysfunction. ? The measured plasma nutrient levels gave no indications of stress, but increasing the level of plant protein in the diet decreased plasma cholesterol. This may be related to high NSP content or reduced dietary intake of cholesterol. Decrease in muscle cholesterol level is also expected which could be considered good for human health. ? Histopathological evaluation of organs showed no damage to the stomach, intestine or liver of common carp or rainbow trout. Effects of Jatropha-phytate in Nile tilapia The defatted Jatropha kernel meal obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein (58−66%) and phytate (9 −11%). The phytate rich fraction was isolated from defatted kernel meal using organic solvents (acetone and carbon tetrachloride). It had 66% phytate and 22% crude protein and its inclusion in fish diets showed the following: ? Negative effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization and digestive physiology (nutrient digestibility and digestive enzymes). ? Adverse influences on biochemical entities such as metabolic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase) and electrolytes/metabolites. Salient changes include decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit content, decreased cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and decreased blood glucose levels. The adverse effects observed may be due to the interaction of phytate with minerals and enzymes in the gastro intestinal tract, resulting in poor bioavailability of minerals and lower nutrient digestibility. The level of phytate used in the present study (1.5 and 3.0%) corresponds to 16.5% and 33.0% of DJKM in the fish diet. The DJKM at levels > 16.5% in the diet would exhibit adverse effects in Nile tilapia. Addition of phytase to the phytate containing diets would mitigate the adverse effects of at least up to 3% Jatropha phytate (or 33% DJKM) in the diet. Addition of phytase (1500 FTU/kg) in diets containing DJKM is recommended to maximize their utilization by Nile tilapia.As aquaculture continues to develop, there will be an increasing need to use alternative plant proteins in aquaculture diets so that aqua eco-systems will be sustainable. Jatropha (DJKM, H-JPKM and DJPI) can be used as protein rich sources in the diets of fish and shrimp. There is a high potential for the safe use of DJKM, H-JPKM and DJPI in diets for fish and shrimp without compromising performance, provided that these ingredients are free of toxic factors. The detoxification process developed in Hohenheim is simple and robust and produces products that are safe and of good quality. Their addition to fish and shrimp diets gave excellent performance responses without any ill effects on animal health or safety. Effects on growth and nutrient utilization: ? Detoxified Jatropha kernel meal, H-JPKM and DJPI could replace 50%, 62.5% and 75% fish meal protein respectively without compromising growth performance and nutrient utilization in fish. In addition, DJKM could also replace 50% fish meal protein with no adverse effects on growth and nutrient utilization in shrimp. If the replacement levels are exceeded, the producer must examine the nutrient profile of the feeds carefully to ensure that desired production levels can be achieved and fish and shrimp health maintained. ? High inclusion (>50% fish meal protein replacement) of DJKM decreased the efficiency of conversion of feed to body mass. This could be explained partly by the increased mean feed intake which was possibly a reaction to the reduced protein retention, measured as protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. No such effects were seen with the use of DJPI in common carp diets. ? Increased DJKM inclusion in diets caused a significant lowering of protein, lipid and energy digestibilities. No such effects were seen when DJPI was used in common carp diets. Effects on energy budget: ? Feeding DJKM and H-JPKM to common carp and Nile tilapia respectively did not change the major components of the energy budget (routine metabolic rate, heat released and metabolisable energy) compared to fish meal and soybean meal fed groups. These results revealed that dietary protein sources DJKM and H-JPKM can be efficiently utilized for growth by common carp and Nile tilapia respectively, as well as soybean meal and fish meal. Effects on expression of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 encoding genes ? As the level of DJKM inclusion increased in the common carp diet, growth rate decreased. The expression of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in liver also decreased with increase of DJKM in the diet and that of the growth hormone in liver decreased. Effects on clinical health parameters and gut health: ? No mortality and unaffected haematological values suggested the fish were all in normal health. Alkaline phosphatase and ALT activities; urea nitrogen, bilirubin and creatinine concentration in blood were in the normal ranges which showed that there was no liver or kidney dysfunction. ? The measured plasma nutrient levels gave no indications of stress, but increasing the level of plant protein in the diet decreased plasma cholesterol. This may be related to high NSP content or reduced dietary intake of cholesterol. Decrease in muscle cholesterol level is also expected which could be considered good for human health. ? Histopathological evaluation of organs showed no damage to the stomach, intestine or liver of common carp or rainbow trout. Effects of Jatropha-phytate in Nile tilapia The defatted Jatropha kernel meal obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein (58−66%) and phytate (9 −11%). The phytate rich fraction was isolated from defatted kernel meal using organic solvents (acetone and carbon tetrachloride). It had 66% phytate and 22% crude protein and its inclusion in fish diets showed the following: ? Negative effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization and digestive physiology (nutrient digestibility and digestive enzymes). ? Adverse influences on biochemical entities such as metabolic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase) and electrolytes/metabolites. Salient changes include decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit content, decreased cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and decreased blood glucose levels. The adverse effects observed may be due to the interaction of phytate with minerals and enzymes in the gastro intestinal tract, resulting in poor bioavailability of minerals and lower nutrient digestibility. The level of phytate used in the present study (1.5 and 3.0%) corresponds to 16.5% and 33.0% of DJKM in the fish diet. The DJKM at levels > 16.5% in the diet would exhibit adverse effects in Nile tilapia. Addition of phytase to the phytate containing diets would mitigate the adverse effects of at least up to 3% Jatropha phytate (or 33% DJKM) in the diet. Addition of phytase (1500 FTU/kg) in diets containing DJKM is recommended to maximize their utilization by Nile tilapia

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New fish product ideas generated by European consumers

Food lifestyles are changing; people have less time to spend on food purchase and preparation, therefore leading to increasing demand for new food products. However, around 76% of new food products launched in the market fail within the first year (Nielsen, 2014). One of the most effective ways to enhance new products’ success in the market is by incorporating consumers’ opinions and needs during the New Product Development (NPD) process (Moon et al., 2018). This study aimed to explore the usefulness of a qualitative technique, focus groups, to generate new aquaculture fish product ideas as well as to identify the most relevant product dimensions affecting consumers’ potential acceptance.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Training Manual In the frame work of the project: DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals 2015-18

This is a limited edition of the CMFRI Training Manual provided to participants of the “DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals” organized by the Marine Biotechnology Division of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), from 2nd February 2015 - 31st March 2018

XVI Agricultural Science Congress 2023: Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

The XVI Agricultural Science Congress being jointly organized by the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 10-13 October 2023, at hotel Le Meridien, Kochi, is a mega event echoing the theme “Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for achieving Sustainable Development Goals”. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute takes great pride in hosting the XVI ASC, which will be the perfect point of convergence of academicians, researchers, students, farmers, fishers, traders, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders involved in agri-production systems that ensure food and nutritional security for a burgeoning population. With impeding challenges like growing urbanization, increasing unemployment, growing population, increasing food demands, degradation of natural resources through human interference, climate change impacts and natural calamities, the challenges ahead for India to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out by the United Nations are many. The XVI ASC will provide an interface for dissemination of useful information across all sectors of stakeholders invested in developing India’s agri-food systems, not only to meet the SDGs, but also to ensure a stable structure on par with agri-food systems around the world. It is an honour to present this Book of Abstracts which is a compilation of a total of 668 abstracts that convey the results of R&D programs being done in India. The abstracts have been categorized under 10 major Themes – 1. Ensuring Food & Nutritional Security: Production, Consumption and Value addition; 2. Climate Action for Sustainable Agri-Food Systems; 3. Frontier Science and emerging Genetic Technologies: Genome, Breeding, Gene Editing; 4. Livestock-based Transformation of Food Systems; 5. Horticulture-based Transformation of Food Systems; 6. Aquaculture & Fisheries-based Transformation of Food Systems; 7. Nature-based Solutions for Sustainable AgriFood Systems; 8. Next Generation Technologies: Digital Agriculture, Precision Farming and AI-based Systems; 9. Policies and Institutions for Transforming Agri-Food Systems; 10. International Partnership for Research, Education and Development. This Book of Abstracts sets the stage for the mega event itself, which will see a flow of knowledge emanating from a zeal to transform and push India’s Agri-Food Systems to perform par excellence and achieve not only the SDGs of the UN but also to rise as a world leader in the sector. I thank and congratulate all the participants who have submitted abstracts for this mega event, and I also applaud the team that has strived hard to publish this Book of Abstracts ahead of the event. I wish all the delegates and participants a very vibrant and memorable time at the XVI ASC