Values as reasons for consumer decisions – an inter-cultural comparison

Nowadays, consumers usually do not just consider the functional use of a product. At least equally important are the emotional experiences that are tied up with the product and that are sated with non-material elements of a product. Which non-material elements of a product are considered important by the consumer, depends on his or her personal values. Therefore, the identification of personal values assists in explaining the consumers’ purchasing motives. Since personal values do not just influence a consumers’ purchasing decision but vary between cultural circles, it is expected that cultural values lead to culture-specific consumption patterns. To analyse the coherences between cultural values and the consumer behaviour of a cultural circle, 40 female wine consumers, comprised of 20 German and 20 Ukrainian women, were interviewed on the basis of Means-End-Chain-Theory using laddering-interviews. The initial findings of this qualitative survey will be presented in this poster.Means-End-Chain-Theory, cross-cultural comparison, wine consumers, Consumer/Household Economics,

Are prosocials unique in their egalitarianism? The pursuit of equality in outcomes among individualists.

The present research aims to elucidate to what extent the motive to ensure equality in outcomes is general and to what extent it interacts with other important motives such as maximizing own or collective gains. Because individuals may have different considerations and motivations in decision-making situations, it is likely that people with a different social value orientation will respond differently to an unequal distribution of outcomes. Contrary to our expectations, not only prosocials care about equality in outcomes. In study 1, we found that individualists choose to forego personal gains, despite obvious selfish reasons to cooperate, when outcomes were distributed unequally. In a second experiment we replicate this finding and show that individualists, just as do prosocials, demand equality in outcomes in interdependent situations. Our studies suggest that typifying individualists as solely being concerned about enhancing personal outcomes is too limited.Cooperation; Decision making; Demand; Distribution; Equality; Personal; Research; Social Value Orientation; Social values; Studies; Tit-For-Tat; Value;

The Power of Dialogue in Adult Learning

How do adults learn? They learn best when they are in dialogue, when they are engaged, when they are the subjects (that is, the decision-makers) of their own education and not just objects, and when their cultural and personal context is understood. A system was emerging that showed and used the power of dialogue

The Triumph of Gay Marriage and the Failure of Constitutional Law

The Supreme Court\u27s much anticipated invalidation of gay marriage bans improved the personal lives of millions of ordinary Americans. It made the country a more decent place. Even Chief Justice Roberts, at the conclusion of his otherwise scathing dissent, acknowledged that the decision was a cause for many Americans to celebrate. But although the Chief Justice thought that advocates of gay marriage should by all means celebrate today\u27s decision, he admonished them not [to] celebrate the Constitution. The Constitution, he said, had nothing to do with it . Part I of this article quarrels with the Chief Justice\u27s assertion that the Constitution had nothing to do with it. It argues that it is the dissenting justices, rather than their colleagues in the majority, who have ignored the traditions of American Constitutional law. Part II argues that the Chief Justice is exactly right when he says that we should celebrate the Obergefell decision, but not the Constitution, but he is right for reasons that he, himself, would disagree with. The Court\u27s decision marks a partial and flawed but nonetheless important advance toward inclusion and decency. The majority\u27s opinion, replete with invocations of the supposedly binding force of constitutional obligation, belittling of the large and growing number of Americans who are unmarried, and mischaracterization of the nature of the movement for gay rights, is exclusionary, reactionary, and authoritarian. Even as the Court demonstrates its (concededly limited) capacity to advance the cause of social justice, it unwittingly also demonstrates the failure of constitutional law to serve its core purpose of providing a just ground for cooperation among people who disagree about fundamentals. A brief conclusion discusses the implications of this failure

Minority Shareholders and Direct Suits in Closely Held Corporations Where Derivative Suits Are Impractical: Durham v. Durham

[Excerpt] “Suppose A, B, and C are the sole shareholders and directors of a corporation. A and B have used corporate funds for their own personal use and such use has depleted the corporation’s assets. C now wishes to commence a legal proceeding to recover the damages. Should C be forced to recover through a derivative suit brought on behalf of the corporation just because the depletion of the corporate assets affected all of the shareholders and not just C? Not necessarily. In Durham v. Durham, the Supreme Court of New Hampshire permitted a minority shareholder, in a closely held corporation, to bring a direct suit against a corporation’s officers, even though the injury suffered was incurred by the entire corporation. Prior to this decision, New Hampshire had only addressed the requirements for bringing a direct suit in a regular, or widely held, corporation. In allowing the direct suit, the Durham court followed a minority view and adopted a standard provided by the American Law Institute’s (ALI) Principles of Corporate Governance. Many jurisdictions have declined to take this step. Rather, those jurisdictions insist that shareholders meet derivative pleading requirements set forth by their respective state laws, reasoning that such requirements create uniformity and predictability essential to corporate decision making. In addition, many of the states that refuse to allow direct suits by a shareholder against a closely held corporation expressly reject the standard provided by the ALI. This Note examines both the minority and majority views and justifies New Hampshire’s decision to allow minority shareholders to bypass derivative pleading requirements and bring a direct action allowing them to recover personally. This Note further suggests that in the context of closely held corporations, direct actions may provide minority shareholders their only chance to receive adequate compensation for injuries they have suffered. The remainder of this Section explains the differences between derivative and direct suits, as well as differences between widely held and closely held corporations. Part II will set forth the facts, arguments, and holding from Durham and explain why that decision was warranted. Part III will discuss cases from jurisdictions which decline to adopt the ALI standard and refuse to allow direct actions in closely held corporations. Part IV will provide an analysis of the two conflicting views and suggest that those jurisdictions that have rejected the ALI’s proposal should reconsider. Finally, Part V will briefly conclude.

Pemanfaatan Metode Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assesment Dalam Keputusan Pemilihan Personal Computer Untuk Kebutuhan Industri Game Developer

With the advance of current technology, humanity is at ease to get their task done. Take example of a entertainment industry, the use of a computer is a vital point at developing a game. There is many considerable alternative of a personal computer that exist today. Some industry players that bought themselves a personal computer state that their device is just to much for supposed task and assume that it is best to spend the excess fund for another purpose, while the other complaints that their device is not achieving the expected result. WASPAS is an acronym for Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment is one of many methods used for Multiple Criteria Decision Making which is widely known for it’s capability. Thus by designing system that  generate a decision result which is a personal computer for a game development purpose, for the industry player to get the precise target that they want

Parents in education (PIE)

I want to be part of my child\u27s life, all parts of it. I want to help decide things at school, not just be there to help with work that is sent home, but really involved in the school and the decisions about the education my child gets. (D. Schnuelle, personal communication, April 2000) This is the voice of just one parent, but these sentiments and concerns echo many parents. School involvement and making decisions with the administration and faculty is an important part of a parent\u27s responsibility to the school and the children. How do we, as educators, allow families to be equal contributors in schools and the decision-making process

A Theory of Status Organizations

There are many instances in which an individual\u27s decision to patronize a firm depends not just upon the quality and price of the goods or services offered by the firm, but also upon the personal characteristics of the other patrons of the firm. Social clubs, such as country clubs, are conspicuous examples. The socioeconomic status and other personal attributes of a country club\u27s membership are likely to be quite as important to a prospective member as are the quality of the golf course, the tennis courts, and the food served in the club diningroom. Private educational institutions provide another example: students commonly select a college not only on the basis of the quality of the instructional program, but also with an eye to the intelligence, earlier education, social attractiveness, athletic ability, and future promise of its other students

Bayes’ Theorem as a Tool for Better Administration of Employee Discretion

This paper presents a new form of discretion that deals with subliminal (personal) preferences, which are present in discretionary decision-making (where the mental, cognitive functions of public servants, mixed with their character and “dressed” with sophistic, logically well-explained and legally allowed reasons are present). This paper presents employee discretion that could be a denominator of the public employees’ will to do or not to do something, to give lesser or greater weight to something. The power to choose is hence not only possible in legal frameworks but also outside of them. So far, informal power has been viewed in the law as the illegal one, although there are many informal, especially personal elements involved in the legal decision-making that are never brought to light. This paper offers a promising approach to how decisions can be similar in similar matters, despite their differences in personal backgrounds, cognitive capabilities or emotional variances. This can be done if Bayes’ theorem is used. Probability can here be established based on how much we believe something after we have seen the evidence; this depends not only on what the evidence shows but also on our pre-existing preferences (pre-investigation, prior probability or just a prior) or weights that affect our view on evidence or how much we believed in the evidence from the start. By assessing priors, decision-makers can become more comfortable with probability and uncertainty, and at the same time, the “echo chambers” of unfounded claims can be avoided. This way, subjective preferences could be known to others, while the principles of equality and equity could be raised to a higher level. Further development of employee discretion is based on the same grounds as this type of discretion – on our personal (in)actions

The heart attack of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and its political implications for his candidacy for re-election

Seldom has the nation been so preoccupied with an individual's personal decision as it was in late 1955 and early 1956 with the personal dilemma of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In September, 1955, he had suffered a "moderate coronary thrombosis" which almost everyone took to signify his exclusion from the next year's race for the Presidency. Then with his rapid recovery, the President seemed to take on an intense interest in what was going on around him and his candidacy became more and more of a monopolizing possibility. President Eisenhower's decision to run in 1956 involved more than just his own well-being. He was dealing with the fate of his country, his party and in great measure the entire world. While recuperating in an imposed inertia at his Gettysburg farm in the last two months of 1955, he experienced a political renaissance. He had almost lost his life and now he had it back again. He had a second chance at the Presidency and he suddenly recognized that he could not let it pass. For politics was now synonymous with life itself