5 research outputs found
Potency of Sago Palm as Carbohydrate Resource for Strengthening Food Security Program
A new competition between biofuel production and food production has occurred in recent years, therefore the development of some new plant resources and their utilization are needed. Sago palm and related species that can store a large amount of starch in the trunk and can grow under severe environmental conditions are considered to be potential starch resources for not only food production but also ethanol production. However, even sago palm, an elite species among the starch producing palms, grows under semi-domesicated or natural condition and there are many problems to utilize it. Thus, the systematic, ecological, physiological, agronomic and economic studies should be carried out for improvement of these species. Here, the recent research progress is reviewed. Large variation in morphological characteristics and palm size existed among the folk varieties of sago palm, and the difference in pith dry-matter yield was mainly attributable to trunk diameter and dry-matter content of the pith. The two key parameters were closely related with soil profile indicating natural fertility. On the other hand, the genetic distance of sago palm individuals grown in the Malay Archipelago was considered to be related to geographical distribution. The genetic variation was small in the western area and large in the eastern area. Sago palm tolerated up to 171mM (1.0%) NaCl concentration in the growth media for comparatively long period. The salt resistance of sago palm might be due to salt avoidance to mechanically restrict an excess of Na distribution from the roots to leaflets. The Na influx might be disturbed by the endodermal cells of roots even under 342mM (2.0%) NaCl condition. Sago palm tolerated severe low pH condition such at pH 3.6 in the growth media for 5 months at least and maintained a low Al3+ concentration in the plant tissues. Sago palm was considered to have a high tolerance to Al with the Al exclusion ability. Moreover, the growth of sago palm was stimulated when AlCl3 was added into the growth media with 10ppm Al. These physiological information on the growth response of sago palm to environmental stresses will be valuable for investigating concrete strategies to introduce new plant resources to barren lands with sterile soil and produce economic plants from poor productivity lands.  Key words: acid soil, biofuel, genetic variation, Metroxylon, salt stress, starch
Sago Palm: Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods
Under-utilized food resource; Metroxylon sagu; Starch production; Sago palm forest; Sago suga
Sago Palm: Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods
Under-utilized food resource; Metroxylon sagu; Starch production; Sago palm forest; Sago suga
Foraging behaviour, food selection and diet digestion of Babyrousa babyrussa (Suidae, Mammalia)
A population of 79 babirusa distributed over 19 zoos in Europe and the
United States were the subject of a study of the foraging behaviour, food
selection, and digestion of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa).
Stomachs of six adult babirusa and one twelve month old animal were
collected from zoological gardens. Gross anatomical and microscopic
examination revealed the large size of the stomach (approximately
3000cm2 for adults) and the very large area covered by its cardiac glands
(more than 70% of the total stomach's mucosal surface area compared to
about 33% in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)). Mucus was produced in the
cardiac glands and micro-organisms were found both in the mucus-gel
adhering to the stomach surface and within the stomach lumen. The pH
in the lumen of the cardiac gland area of the stomach was between 5.3 and
6.4 which is suitable for the survival of microorganisms. Gastric glands
were confined to a small region occupying the distal end of the corpus
ventriculi which was named the "gastric unit".
A comparative study of the digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter
and fibre in a basal barley-soya diet supplemented with different amounts
of dried grass was carried out with eight babirusa, eight Large White x
Landrace and eight Chinese Meishan pigs using the chromic oxide
indicator ratio technique. The digestibility of the Acid Detergent Fibre (=
cellulose + lignin) component of grass was less in the babirusa than in the
domestic pigs. However, babirusa were able to digest Neutral Detergent
Fibre (= hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin) and Organic Matter from the
total diet better than the domestic pigs.
The foraging and other behaviour of a male and female babirusa when
given access to a semi-natural enclosure was recorded using one-minute
time scans for six hours per day during five consecutive days. Foraging
mainly took the form of walking around with the nose close to or on the
ground surface while sniffing. Rooting only took place in that part of the
enclosure with very loose sand and was never observed in regions with
more compact soil. The two most important food items consumed by the
babirusa (in addition to the food that was offered to them by the zoo staff)were bramble leaves and cherry fruits. The animals also demonstrated
their ability to carefully select certain plant parts when eating herbs and
grasses.
The results of these three studies suggested that the babirusa was a nonruminant
foregut fermenting frugivore/concentrate selector, specialised
in the fermentation of plant solubles and more easily digestible fibres and
was able to select those plants and plant parts which are more easily
digestible.
Information on the diet being fed to babirusa in the 19 zoos indicated that
fruits were the items most favoured in captivity. The animals also
readily consumed a wide variety of leaves, buds and twigs from branches.
The range between zoos in the amounts of total food, dry matter, crude
protein, fat, fibre and digestible energy being fed was extremely large.
Using prediction equations for domestic pig breeds the energy
requirements for the babirusa were estimated to be 11.3 MJ/day for males
and 8.5 MJ/day for females and the protein requirements were estimated
to be 88g CP/day for males and 59g CP/day for females.
These results together with other information gathered from the
literature support the view that the main items in the diet of wild
babirusa are likely to be fruits and leaves supplemented with smaller
amounts of herbs, grass, roots and animal matter