239 research outputs found
Industrial water management by multiobjective optimization: from individual to collective solution through eco-industrial parks.
Industrial water networks are designed in the first part by a multiobjective optimization strategy, where fresh water, regenerated water flow rates as well as the number of network connections (integer variables) are minimized. The problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming problem (MILP) and solved by the ε-constraint method. The linearization of the problem is based on the necessary conditions of optimality defined by Savelski and Bagajewicz (2000). The approach is validated on a published example involving only one contaminant. In the second part the MILP strategy is implemented for designing an Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) involving three companies. Three scenarios are considered: EIP without regeneration unit, EIP where each company owns its regeneration unit and EIP where the three companies share regeneration unit(s). Three possible regeneration units can be chosen, and the MILP is solved under two kinds of conditions: limited or unlimited number of connections, same or different gains for each company. All these cases are compared according to the global equivalent cost expressed in fresh water and taking also into account the network complexity through the number of connections. The best EIP solution for the three companies can be determined
Optimization methods applied to the design of eco-industrial parks: a literature review
With the growing environmental concern, there is evidence that increasing symbiotic relationship between plants in the same industrial area, highly contributes to a more sustainable development of industrial activities. The concept of industrial ecology extended to the terms of eco-industrial park (or ecopark) or industrial symbioses is the topic of extensive research since the five last years. More particularly, even if a lot of ecopark examples and realizations already exist throughout the world, a lot of ecopark proposals are in progress but not achieved. Recently, this vision leads the research community to focus on works proposing methods to optimize the exchanges of an ecopark prior to its design and construction. We find it especially interesting for the scientific community to propose a detailed paper review focused on optimization works devoted to the design of eco industrial parks.
This paper is based on a comprehensive literature search in Web of Science database for publications that listed ‘industrial symbiosis’ (or ‘eco industrial park’, or ‘inter plant integration’) and ‘optimization’. This study is segmented into different sections with first, a description of the different concepts evoked in the literature. Then, the several types of networking in an eco-industrial park are detailed in association with the optimization methods employed to solve each problem. The following sections reviews the different objective functions that are formulated to optimally design an eco-industrial park. The last part of the paper is devoted to a critical analysis of the state of the art by proposing several routes to improve the methodologies found in the literature. Another aim of this paper review consists in finding the gaps existing in previous studies. These major gaps are found to be: the lack of multiobjective optimization studies, the absence of social/societal objectives formulation also needs to be addressed and the lack of works taking into account flexibility of ecoparks in an operational point of view
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Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities
Adaptive behaviour of plants, including rapid changes in physiology, gene regulation and defence response, can be altered when linked to neighbouring plants by a mycorrhizal network (MN). Mechanisms underlying the behavioural changes include mycorrhizal fungal colonization by the MN or interplant communication via transfer of nutrients, defence signals or allelochemicals. We focus this review on our new findings in ectomycorrhizal ecosystems, and also review recent advances in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. We have found that the behavioural changes in ectomycorrhizal plants depend on environmental cues, the identity of the plant neighbour and the characteristics of the MN. The hierarchical integration of this phenomenon with other biological networks at broader scales in forest ecosystems, and the consequences we have observed when it is interrupted, indicate that underground ‘tree talk’ is a foundational process in the complex adaptive nature of forest ecosystems
Synthesis and Design Strategies for the Development of Macroscopic Interplant Water Networks in Industrial Zones
Increased water scarcity problems, coupled with the immense scale of water-intensive industrial activities in the region demands for the development of optimal water reuse and recycling strategies in industrial cities. Hence, industrial water and wastewater management is a key research priority. As a result, several necessary aspects that have not been addressed previously in water integration methods have been considered in this work, by developing and implementing a framework which allows for improved applications of macroscopic water integration in complex industrial regions. The main components relevant to the planning of cost-effective water networks in a devised city plan have been captured with a focus on identifying cost-effective water allocations within an industrial city.
Detailed information associated with water-using and water-consuming entities have been captured, using both flowrate and contamination information as well as site location information. Hence, a spatial representation that is capable of capturing an industrial city arrangement, has been developed to assist in water network design, an aspect which has often been overlooked in existing methods. Moreover, the presence of a number of different options during the selection process of appropriate treatment technologies, as well as the efficient placement of corresponding treatment facilities, have also been considered. In addition to the above aspects, two different pipeline merging representations that are capable of identifying cost-effective opportunities have also been captured in this work. Both approaches allow for the screening of less complex pipeline networks, by assembling together commonly existing pipe sections, in the course of determining optimal water networks. All methods were implemented and demonstrated using several industrial city layout scenarios, and each method was able to identify a number of optimal synergies
A multiobjective optimization framework for multicontaminant industrial water network design.
The optimal design of multicontaminant industrial water networks according to several objectives is carried out in this paper. The general formulation of the water allocation problem (WAP) is given as a set of nonlinear equations with binary variables representing the presence of interconnections in the network. For optimization purposes, three antagonist objectives are considered: F1, the freshwater flow-rate at the network entrance, F2, the water flow-rate at inlet of regeneration units, and F3, the number of interconnections in the network. The multiobjective problem is solved via a lexicographic strategy, where a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) procedure is used at each step. The approach is illustrated by a numerical example taken from the literature involving five processes, one regeneration unit and three contaminants. The set of potential network solutions is provided in the form of a Pareto front. Finally, the strategy for choosing the best network solution among those given by Pareto fronts is presented. This Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem is tackled by means of two approaches: a classical TOPSIS analysis is first implemented and then an innovative strategy based on the global equivalent cost (GEC) in freshwater that turns out to be more efficient for choosing a good network according to a practical point of view
Synthesis of single and interplant non-isothermal water networks
This paper addresses the synthesis problem of non-isothermal water networks using a mathematical programming approach. A heat-integrated water network superstructure and its corresponding mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is proposed for the synthesis of individual as well as interplant water networks. A new feature of the proposed model includes piping installation cost within the objective function minimising the total annual cost of the network. This introduces additional trade-offs between operating and investment costs that can impact a final network design. Three examples were solved in order to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model and solution approach. The results show that additional saving in total annual cost can be achieved by enabling direct water integration between plants. Improved solutions were obtained compared to those reported in the literature considering freshwater and utilities consumption as well as total annual cost. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Achievements and perspectives of process integration in cis countries
Due to the rapid growth in the world population, there has been an increase in energy consumption globally. The problem of efficient energy use becomes more relevant and stimulates research and development of new energy and resource-saving technologies. This task is becoming more complicated when the other factors are accounted for, resulting in multiple-factor trade-offs, such as the water-energy-food nexus. This paper highlights the main points for the development of Process Integration in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. It shows the main achievements in the field to date and demonstrates the scientific schools that are working on these problems. A comprehensive review of modern approaches and methods, which are now being developed or have been recently developed, was done. It shows a research gap in Process Integration in CIS and other leading countries. It demonstrates the significant research potential as well as practical applications. The main challenges in process systems engineering and for the sustainable development of industrial energy systems are also discussed. Industry digital transformation, energy transition, circular economy, and stronger energy and water integration are pointed out as priorities in analysis, design, and retrofit of society in the future. A state-of-the-art review in the area of integration of continuous and batch processes, mass integration technologies, and process intensification is presented to show the variety of existing approaches. The necessity of Process Integration development in the CIS is shown to be a necessary condition for building a more sustainable society and a resource-efficient economy
Industrial wastewater reuse in inter-plant water networks / Reúso de águas e efluentes entre plantas industriais
This work aims to use a Process Integration method to extend a methodology that involves the selection of water reuse networks among industrial processes. A case study from data representative of an oil refinery and a petrochemical complex was carried out. The results with the inter-plant water networks indicated external sources that can be used for the unidirectional reutilization of the water processes from the refining to the petrochemical. Refining processes with maximum reuse had a 39% reduction in relation to the original consumption, while petrochemicals reduced by around 36%. The scenario involving the integration of both plants, with the incorporation of a distribution central tank and a regenerative process, reached a complementary reduction of about 7% of the water catchment. This integration allows the achievement of new opportunities for reuse, making it an important strategy in environmental decision making in organizations
Development of a machine vision system for corn plant population, spacing and height measurement
A system was developed to measure the spatial variability of early stage plant population density, spacing and plant height. The Truncated Ellipsoidal (TE) method was developed to segment plants from background. A patch matching algorithm was developed to sequence for video frames of corn row videos. Algorithm performance was analyzed across three tillage treatments, three growth stages from V3 to V8, and three population densities varying from 27,000 to 81,500 plants/ha. Overall, the algorithm estimated the number of plants in 6.1 m crop row lengths with an RMSE of 2.1 plants. Following this encouraging result, a component-based software architecture was developed to automate site specific field data acquisition, processing, and geo-referenced plant parameter extraction. The architecture supported acquisition and processing of different data streams such as digital video or digital serial communications. Based on this architecture, early stage corn population estimation (ESCOPE) software was developed which grabbed pre-recorded digital video from a vehicle-mounted camera that was passed over corn rows and acquired GPS-NMEA strings which were modulated and recorded on the audio channel. Reusability and extensibility characteristics were demonstrated by adding a class to acquire images from the hard drive and also by deriving a new image analyzer class to extract an additional feature. For the crop height measurement, two different sensing approaches, stereo vision and ultrasonic, were investigated as candidate technologies for vehicle-based corn height sensors. For the stereo vision method, a chain code-based stereo correspondence technique was developed to determine the disparity in the stereo image pair. The ultrasonic sensor measured the distance to an object by detecting the time of flight of ultrasonic sound waves. A good correlation was found between the measured and estimated height using both stereo vision and the ultrasonic sensor. For the stereo vision sensor, r2 between the maximum plant height and estimated height was 0.76. For the ultrasonic sensor, r2 between the 25th percentile of the group height statistics and plant collar height was 0.75
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