Internal History versus External History

The aim of this paper is to generalize a pair of concepts that are widely used in the history of science, in art history and in historical linguistics – the concept of internal and external history – and to replace the often very vague talk of ‘historical narratives’ with this conceptual framework of internal versus external history. I argue that this way of framing the problem allows us to see the possible alternatives more clearly – as a limited number of possible relations between internal and external history. Finally, I argue that while external history is metaphysically prior to internal history, when it comes to historical explanations, we need both

“A Course No One Wants to Teach”: A Brief History of the Undergraduate Writing Methods Course

In this essay, I untangle two historically embedded challenges within the undergraduate writing methods course that continually reestablish divisions between theory and pedagogy (and often English and education departments by association) for preservice teachers. The two issues are: 1. The lack of status of the undergraduate writing methods course within English departments, entrenched by the historically marginalized reputations of both rhetoric and composition and English education programs; and 2. Internal disputes within the field of rhetoric and composition over a theoretical versus pedagogical emphasis for the undergraduate writing methods course, and external debates between the fields of rhetoric and composition and English education over content knowledge versus practical tools. Mapping the history of the undergraduate writing methods course is one method of capturing what one segment of writing teacher education has historically looked like in the field. Understanding this history and using it to study current course designs and resulting effects on writing teacher preparation is the next step to offering general principles, or best practices

Collective identity in the age of globalisation

This article deals with the legal liability of collective person in the age of globalization. It touches the problem of the “person” in such fields as law, philosophy and sociology.The article presents the influence of globalisation on identity and the question of individualisation. Identity is defined as a process of internal and external adjustment. The processes of globalisation may contribute to the loss of cultural identity. The diverse nature of globalisation has given rise to new identities. Concurrently, the article also presents the challenges posed by globalisation, for instance: identity and freedom of individualisation versus community and belonging.The author aims to make a short analysis according to the liability of collective persons throughout the history of civil and criminal law.This article deals with the legal liability of collective person in the age of globalization. It touches the problem of the “person” in such fields as law, philosophy and sociology.The article presents the influence of globalisation on identity and the question of individualisation. Identity is defined as a process of internal and external adjustment. The processes of globalisation may contribute to the loss of cultural identity. The diverse nature of globalisation has given rise to new identities. Concurrently, the article also presents the challenges posed by globalisation, for instance: identity and freedom of individualisation versus community and belonging.The author aims to make a short analysis according to the liability of collective persons throughout the history of civil and criminal law

Reionization of the Local Group of galaxies

We present the first detailed structure formation and radiative transfer simulations of the reionization history of our cosmic neighbourhood. To this end, we follow the formation of the Local Group of galaxies and nearby clusters by means of constrained simulations, which use the available observational constraints to construct a representation of those structures which reproduces their actual positions and properties at the present time. We find that the reionization history of the Local Group is strongly dependent on the assumed photon production efficiencies of the ionizing sources, which are still poorly constrained. If sources are relatively efficient, i.e. the process is ‘photon-rich', the Local Group is primarily ionized externally by the nearby clusters. Alternatively, if the sources are inefficient, i.e. reionization is ‘photon-poor' the Local Group evolves largely isolated and reionizes itself. The mode of reionization, external versus internal, has important implications for the evolution of our neighbourhood, in terms of e.g. its satellite galaxy populations and primordial stellar populations. This therefore provides an important avenue for understanding the young universe by detailed studies of our nearby structure

Editorial: State-dependent brain computation

International audienceThe brain is a self-organizing system, which has evolved such that neuronal responses and related behavior are continuously adapted with respect to the external and internal context. This powerful capability is achieved through the modulation of neuronal interactions depending on the history of previously processed information. In particular, the brain updates its connections as it learns successful versus unsuccessful strategies. The resulting connectivity changes, together with stochastic processes (i.e., noise) influence ongoing neuronal dynamics. The role of such state-dependent fluctuations may be one of the fundamental computational properties of the brain, being pervasively present in human behavior and leaving a distinctive fingerprint in neuroscience data. This development is captured by the present Frontiers Research Topic, " State-Dependent Brain Computation

Exploring the Ontological Ground Underlying the Conceptualisatıon of Depression

Conceptualizations of depression, this dissertation will demonstrate, are invariably structured by ontological presuppositions that constitute and define boundaries between individual and social, internal and external, body and mind, selfness and exterior, normal and pathological. Furthermore, the way in which these boundaries are set through the ontological ground underlying the modern bio-medical conception of depression are rooted in the history of Western philosophy, rather than corresponding to natural kinds discovered by neuro-medical science. Essentialist, internalist, and individualist assumptions arguably dominating contemporary practices regarding depression in Western medicine are not unavoidable and necessary, but are contingent symptoms of a certain ontological groundwork, that needs to be revealed and examined from a critical perspective to be able to deal effectively with possible deficiencies of the contemporary bio-medical model. In the following study, I focus on different historical conceptions that pathologise some altered form of affectivity that by contemporary lights we would associate with some manner of ‘depression’. These include Hippocrates’, Aristotle’s, Galen’s, and Burton’s conceptions of melancholia; Aquinas’ model of acedia; and the American Psychological Association’s Handbook (APA’s), Matthew Ratcliffe’s, and Thomas Fuchs’ accounts of depression. All these different ontologies are put through a categorical analysis consisting of six steps. In each step, each model is assessed regarding their positions between the two poles: melancholia/acedia/depression being (1) indigenous to the individual versus irreducibly social, (2) caused by internal versus external factors, (3) pathologised based on an individual versus a social dysfunction, (4) formed dependently versus independently in relation to personal characteristics, (5) defined as a bodily versus a mental phenomenon, (6) detached from versus entangled with the authentic self.Turkish Ministry of National Educatio

“Close to the Nature, Hand in Hand with Fuwa”: Framing Environmental Issues in Biding and Preparations for the Beijing Olympic Games

Given China’s negligent environmental history and political battles regarding other issues, creating and disseminating a positive message surrounding the 2008 Olympic Games became a challenge for the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympics Games (BOCOG). This study explores material published by BOCOG on its official website and examines how environmental issues were framed in the process of bidding and preparations for the Beijing Olympiad. We find that BOCOG used different framing strategies for external and internal publics. The dominant master frame targeted at the external public could be considered a “gain-versus-loss” frame promoting acceptance of the Games. For internal publics, in addition to a gain-versus-loss frame, BOCOG also adopted “identity and national pride” as master frames

“Close to the Nature, Hand in Hand with Fuwa”: Framing Environmental Issues in Biding and Preparations for the Beijing Olympic Games

Given China’s negligent environmental history and political battles regarding other issues, creating and disseminating a positive message surrounding the 2008 Olympic Games became a challenge for the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympics Games (BOCOG). This study explores material published by BOCOG on its official website and examines how environmental issues were framed in the process of bidding and preparations for the Beijing Olympiad. We find that BOCOG used different framing strategies for external and internal publics. The dominant master frame targeted at the external public could be considered a “gain-versus-loss” frame promoting acceptance of the Games. For internal publics, in addition to a gain-versus-loss frame, BOCOG also adopted “identity and national pride” as master frames

Retrospect : an honors thesis (HONRS 499)

This work is the product of three semesters of studies in Humanities, in which I read and critically reflected upon numerous works. The experiences led me to do further reading and research in order to expand upon the interests and knowledge I had gained.This imaginative narrative is written to illustrate, through a dialogue of writers and characters from diverse literary periods and works, the results of my personal research and thought. I have used the story as a vehicle to present the prominent, recurring themes and ideas with which mankind has struggled throughout history. These include pride, free will and choice, relationships between internal and external nature, appearances versus reality, the importance of the individual versus society, and the quest for truth.During my studies and reflections, I reached a greater understanding of and appreciation of the human condition, as well as a refreshingly new and broader awareness of my own identity and spirituality.Thesis (B.?.)Honors Colleg

Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement as a Variant of Concern for the Teacher and Counselor

Rotter\u27s (1954, 1960, 1964) social learning theory suggests that a reinforcement acts to strengthen an expectancy. These expectancies may differ from situation to situation; however, it is postulated (Rotter, 1960) that they bear a direct relationship to the potential occurrence of a behavior. Furthermore, ...it is presumed that the relationship between goal preference (reinforcement value) and behavior can be determined only by introducing the concept of the individual\u27s expectancy, on the basis of past history, that the given behavior will actually lead to a satisfying outcome rather than to punishment, failure, or, more generally, to negative reinforcement. (Rotter, 1960, p. 305) An outgrowth of this idea is the current research regarding internal versus external control of reinforcement. Basically, this centers on two general hypotheses. 1. That if a reinforcement is seen to be controlled by the individual, it will strengthen the expectancy and that if it fails to occur from this behavior, it will weaken the expectancy. 2. That if the reinforcement is seen to be under the control of external factors, i. e. luck, fate, or powerful others, the expectancy will neither increase as much by the reinforcement occurring, nor decrease as much by its nonoccurrence Recent research suggests that internal versus external control (1-E) of reinforcement is a personality variant, as well as an important variant in learning and extinction. This, combined with recent refinement of 1-E measurement tools, would seem to bring this postulate into the realm of educational concern. The purpose of this report is a review of the I-E literature in an attempt to determine what, if any, implications research of I-E has for education. Rotter defines internal control and external control in the following manner. When a reinforcement is perceived by the subject as following some action of his own but not being contingent upon his action, then, in our culture, it is typically perceived as the result of luck, chance, fate, as under the control of powerful others, or as unpredictable because of the great complexity of the forces surrounding him. When the event is interpreted in this way by an individual, we have labeled this a belief in external control. If the person perceives that the event is contigent upon his own behavior or his own relatively perm anent characteristics, we have termed this a belief in internal control. (Rotter, 1966, p. 1) Crowne and Liverant (1963), Battle and Rotter (1963), Gore and Rotter (1963), Phares (1965), Lefcourt and Ladwig (1965), and Strickland (1965) are all in agreement with this definition and this report will approach internal versus external (I-E) control as Rotter (1966) has defined it. Often in discussions in the research, the phrase skill-chance is used in place of internal control and external control. Any usage of these words in this report will follow the Rotter (1966) definition of internal and external control (I-E)