62 research outputs found

    Roadmap of cocoa quality and authenticity control in the industry: a review of conventional and alternative methods

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    [EN] Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and its derivatives are appreciated for their aroma, color, and healthy properties, and are commodities of high economic value worldwide. Wide ranges of conventional methods have been used for years to guarantee cocoa quality. Recently, however, demand for global cocoa and the requirements of sensory, functional, and safety cocoa attributes have changed. On the one hand, society and health authorities are increasingly demanding new more accurate quality control tests, including not only the analysis of physicochemical and sensory parameters, but also determinations of functional compounds and contaminants (some of which come in trace quantities). On the other hand, increased production forces industries to seek quality control techniques based on fast, nondestructive online methods. Finally, an increase in global cocoa demand and a consequent rise in prices can lead to future cases of fraud. For this reason, new analytes, technologies, and ways to analyze data are being researched, developed, and implemented into research or quality laboratories to control cocoa quality and authenticity. The main advances made in destructive techniques focus on developing new and more sensitive methods such as chromatographic analysis to detect metabolites and contaminants in trace quantities. These methods are used to assess cocoa quality; study new functional properties; control cocoa authenticity; or detect frequent emerging frauds. Regarding nondestructive methods, spectroscopy is the most explored technique, which is conducted within the near infrared range, and also within the medium infrared range to a lesser extent. It is applied mainly in the postharvest stage of cocoa beans to analyze different biochemical parameters or to assess the authenticity of cocoa and its derivatives.The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the Spanish Government and European Regional Development Fund (Project RTC-2016-5241-2). Maribel Quelal Vásconez thanks the Ministry Higher Education, Science, Technology, and Innovation (SENESCYT) of the Republic of Ecuador for her PhD grant.Quelal-Vásconez, MA.; Lerma-García, MJ.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Talens Oliag, P.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2020). Roadmap of cocoa quality and authenticity control in the industry: a review of conventional and alternative methods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 19(2):448-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12522S448478192Abdullahi, G., Muhamad, R., Dzolkhifli, O., & Sinniah, U. R. (2018). Analysis of quality retentions in cocoa beans exposed to solar heat treatment in cardboard solar heater box. 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    Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics to the Cocoa Industry for Fast Composition Analysis and Fraud Detection

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    Tesis por compendio[ES] El cacao es un producto de alto valor, no únicamente por sus características sensoriales, sino porque también presenta un alto contenido en antioxidantes y alcaloides estimulantes con efectos saludables. Debido a la alta demanda, la industria del cacao en polvo tiene el desafío de asegurar la calidad de grandes volúmenes de producción de una manera rápida y precisa, evitando la presencia de contaminantes o adulterantes en la materia prima, ofreciendo productos donde se preserven las propiedades saludables. La espectroscopia del infrarrojo cercano (NIR) es una tecnología rápida y no destructiva útil en el análisis de productos alimentarios. La presente tesis doctoral se centra en evaluar el potencial uso del NIR como una herramienta de control de calidad con el fin de poder resolver problemas que se presentan en la industria del cacao en polvo. Los problemas a resolver incluyen la detección de materiales no deseados o adulterantes en el cacao en polvo, y la monitorización rápida y precisa del contenido de flavanoles y metilxantinas del cacao en polvo durante el proceso de alcalinización. El primer capítulo evalúa la viabilidad del NIR, en combinación con análisis quimiométricos, en la detección de la presencia de materiales no deseados o adulterantes como son cascarilla de cacao o harina de algarroba. Para ello, diferentes muestras de cacao en polvo natural y con diferentes niveles de alcalinización (suave, medio y fuerte) fueron mezcladas con distintas proporciones de cascarilla de cacao (con cacao natural) o harina de algarroba (con cacao natural y alcalinizado). Los resultados obtenidos indican que el NIR, combinado con modelos estadísticos tales como el análisis discriminante por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-DA) y la regresión parcial de mínimos cuadrados (PLS), es un método rápido y eficaz para identificar cualitativa y cuantitativamente materiales no deseados o adulterantes como la cascarilla y la algarroba en cacao en polvo, independientemente del grado de alcalinización o el nivel de tostado de la harina de algarroba. En el segundo capítulo, el análisis composicional del cacao en polvo se orientó al control de los cambios producidos en el contenido de flavanoles y metilxantinas debidos al proceso de alcalinización al que se somete el caco en polvo. Se determinó el contenido de catequina, epicatequina, cafeína y teobromina mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), correlacionándose los contenidos obtenidos para cada uno de estos compuestos con las determinaciones NIR. Se obtuvieron buenos modelos para la predicción de los compuestos mediante regresión PLS con valores superiores a 3 para la relación entre el rendimiento y la desviación (RDP), lo cual demuestra que los modelos obtenidos pueden ser utilizados para la rápida y fiable predicción del contenido de flavanoles y metilxantinas en cacaos naturales y con diferentes niveles de alcalinización.[CA] El cacau és un producte d'alt valor, no sols per les seues característiques sensorials, sinó perquè també presenta un elevat contingut en antioxidants i alcaloids estimulants amb efectes saludables. A conseqüència a l'alta demanda, l'industria del cacau en pols té el desafiament d'assegurar la qualitat de grans volums de producció d'una manera ràpida i precisa, evitant la presència de contaminants o adulterants en la matèria cosina, oferint productes a on se preserven les propietats saludables. L'espectroscòpia de l'infrarroig proper (NIR) és una tecnologia ràpida i no destructiva útil en l'anàlisi de productes alimentaris. La present tesis doctoral se centra en avaluar el potencial ús del NIR com una eina de control de qualitat amb l'objectiu de poder resoldre problemes que es presenten en l'industria del cacau en pols. Els problemes a resoldre inclouen la detecció de materials no desitjats o adulterants en el cacau en pols, i la monitorització ràpida i precisa del contingut de flavanols i metilxantines del cacau en pols durant el procés d'alcalinització. El primer capítol avalua la viabilitat del NIR, en combinació amb anàlisis quimiométrics, en la detecció de la presència de materials no desitjats o adulterants com són pellofa de cacau o farina de garrofa. Per a això, diferents mostres de cacau en pols natural i amb diferents nivells d'alcalinització (suau, mig i fort) foren barrejades en distintes proporcions de pellofa de cacau (en cacau natural) o farina de garrofa (en cacau natural i alcalinisat). Els resultats obtinguts per a NIR, combinats amb models estadístics com l'anàlisi discriminant per mínims quadrats parcials (PLS-DA) i la regressió parcial de mínims quadrats (PLS), és un mètode ràpid i eficaç per identificar materials no desitjats o adulterants com la pellofa de cacau o la farina de garrofa, amb independència del grau d'alcalinització del cacau o de torrat de la farina de garrofa. En el segon capítol, l'anàlisi composicional del cacau en pols s'orientà al control dels canvis produïts en el contingut de flavanols i metilxantines a causa del procés d'alcalinització al que se sotmet el cacau en pols. Es va determinar el contingut de catequina, epicatequina, cafeïna i teobromina mitjançant cromatografia líquida d'alta resolució (HPLC), i es van correlacionar els continguts obtinguts per a cadascun d'estos composts amb les determinacions NIR. Es van obtindré bons models per a la predicció dels composts mitjançant regressió PLS amb valors superiors a 3 per a la relació entre el rendiment i la desviació (RDP), la qual cosa demostra que els models obtinguts poden ser emprats per a la ràpida i fiable predicció del contingut de flavanols i metilxantines en cacaus naturals o amb diferents nivells d'alcalinització.[EN] Cocoa is a product of high value, not only because of its sensory characteristics, but also because it has a high content of antioxidants and stimulating alkaloids with health effects. Due to the high demand, the cocoa powder industry has the challenge of ensuring the quality of large volumes of production in a fast and accurate way, avoiding the presence of contaminants or adulterants in the raw material, offering products where the healthy properties are preserved. The near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a rapid and non-destructive technology useful in the analysis of food products. The present doctoral thesis focuses on evaluating the potential use of NIR as a quality control tool in order to solve problems that arise in the cocoa industry powdered. The problems to solve include the detection of unwanted materials or adulterants in the cocoa powder, and the rapid and accurate monitorization of the flavanols and methylxanthines content in the cocoa powder during the alkalization process. The first chapter evaluates the viability of the NIR, in combination with chemometric analysis, in the detection of presence of unwanted materials or adulterants such as cocoa shell or carob flour. For this, different samples of natural cocoa powder and with different levels of alkalization (light, medium and strong) were mixed with different proportions of cocoa shell (with natural cocoa) or carob flour (with natural and alkalized cocoa). The results obtained indicate that the NIR combined with statistical models such as the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and the partial least squares regression (PLS), is a fast and efficient method to identify qualitative and quantitative unwanted materials or adulterants such as shell and carob in cocoa powder, regardless of the degree of alkalization or level of roasting of carob flour. In the second chapter, the compositional analysis of cocoa powder was oriented to the control of the changes produced in the content of flavanols and methylxanthines due to the process of alkalization to which the cocoa powder is subjected. The content of catechin, epicatechin, caffeine and theobromine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), correlating the contents obtained for each of these compounds with the NIR determinations. Good models were obtained for the prediction of compounds by regression PLS with values above 3 for the ratio of performance to deviation (RDP), which shows that the obtained models can be used for the quick and reliable prediction of flavanol content and methylxanthines in natural cocoas and with different alkalization levels.This Doctoral Thesis has been carried out thanks to a doctoral studies scholarship granted by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) of the Republic of EcuadorQuelal Vásconez, MA. (2019). Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics to the Cocoa Industry for Fast Composition Analysis and Fraud Detection [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/135258TESISCompendi

    Physicochemical Phenomena in the Roasting of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

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    The quality of cocoa depends on both the origin of the cacao and the processing stages. The roasting process is critical because it develops the aroma and flavor, changing the beans’ chemical composition significantly by chemical reactions induced by thermal energy. Aspects have been identified as the main differences between bulk cocoa and fine cocoa, the effect of time and temperature on the formation of the flavor and aroma, and the differences between conductive heating in an oven, convective with airflow, and steam flow. Thermal energy initially causes drying, then non-enzymatic browning chemical reactions (Maillard reaction, Strecker degradation, oxidation of lipids, and polyphenols), which produce volatile and non-volatile chemical compounds related to the flavor and aroma of cocoa roasted. This review identified that the effect of the heating rate on the physicochemical conversion of cocoa is still unknown, and the process has not been evaluated in inert atmospheres, which could drastically influence the avoidance of oxidation reactions. The effect of particle size on the performance of product quality is still unknown. A more in-depth explanation of energy, mass, and chemical kinetic transfer phenomena in roasting is needed to allow a deep understanding of the effect of process parameters. In order to achieve the above challenges, experimentation and modeling under kinetic control (small-scale) are proposed to allow the evaluation of the effects of the process parameters and the development of new roasting technologies in favor of product quality. Therefore, this work seeks to encourage scientists to work under a non-traditional scheme and generate new knowledge

    Changes in cocoa properties induced by the alkalization process: A review

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    [EN] Alkalization, also known as "Dutching," is an optional, but very useful, step taken in the production chain of cocoa to darken its color, modify its taste, and increase natural cocoa solubility. Over the years, various attempts have been made to design new and more effective alkalization methods. Moreover, different authors have attempted to elucidate the impact of alkalization on the physicochemical, nutritional, functional, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of alkalized cocoa. The aim of this review is to provide a clear guide about not only the conditions that can be applied to alkalize cocoa, but also the reported effects of alkalization on the nutritional, functional, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of cocoa. The first part of this review describes different cocoa alkalization systems and how they can be tuned to induce specific changes in cocoa properties. The second part is a holistic analysis of the effects of the alkalization process on different cocoa features, performed by emphasizing the biochemistry behind all these transformations.European Regional Development Fund, Grant/Award Number: Project RTC-2016-5241-2; Ministerio deEconomia y Competitividad, Grant/Award Number: Project RTC-2016-5241-2Valverde-Garcia, D.; Pérez-Esteve, É.; Barat Baviera, JM. (2020). Changes in cocoa properties induced by the alkalization process: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 19(4):2200-2221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12581S22002221194Ilesanmi Adeyeye, E. (2016). Proximate, Mineral And Antinutrient Compositions Of Natural Cocoa Cake, Cocoa Liquor And Alkalized Cocoa Powders. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Science And Technology, 1(3), 12-28. doi:10.14302/issn.2328-0182.japst-15-855Ajandouz, E. H., Tchiakpe, L. S., Ore, F. D., Benajiba, A., & Puigserver, A. (2001). 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    Application of new technologies to cocoa alkalization

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    Tesis por compendio[ES] «Aplicación de nuevas tecnologías a la alcalinización de cacao» es una tesis doctoral centrada, por un lado, en el estudio de los cambios fisicoquímicos y funcionales causados por dos técnicas de alcalinización alternativas a la convencional y, por otro, en la comparación de dichas propiedades con las de muestras comerciales. En el capítulo I, se describe un sistema de alcalinización basado en extrusión. Esta tecnología se ha aplicado a la alcalinización de cacao dada su capacidad de tratar la materia prima de forma rápida y continúa, y su bajo consumo energético. En primer lugar, se estudiaron los efectos de diversas variables de proceso sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales de cacaos en polvo. En general, de todas las variables, el tipo y la concentración de álcali fueron las principales responsables del incremento de pH, del oscurecimiento de las muestras y de la reducción en el contenido de compuestos funcionales. En cuanto a la humedad, fueron la temperatura y el contenido en agua las que mostraron causar los mayores efectos, llegando a producir reducciones de casi un 50%. Además de evaluarse el efecto de las diferentes variables, en este capítulo también se compararon los cacaos producidos mediante extrusión con los alcalinizados por el método convencional. Los resultados mostraron que la extrusión, en menos de cinco minutos, fue capaz de oscurecer y de producir cacaos en polvo con un perfil sensorial, una capacidad antioxidante y un contenido en polifenoles totales relativamente similar al de los productos comerciales. En cuanto al capítulo II, en este se ha estudiado la técnica de calentamiento por microondas como una alternativa al tratamiento de alcalinización tradicional. La tecnología microondas ha demostrado ser rápida, versátil y capaz de preservar las características funcionales y sensoriales, lo que ha hecho interesante su aplicación a la alcalinización de cacao. En los trabajos que forman este segundo capítulo, se estudiaron los efectos de diversas variables de proceso sobre el producto. En general, el tipo y la concentración de álcali fueron las variables principalmente responsables del oscurecimiento del cacao, del incremento del pH y de la reducción de las concentraciones de catequina y epicatequina. Sin embargo, el álcali empleado no redujo la actividad antioxidante ni al contenido en fenoles totales, propiedades que se vieron incrementadas por la presión, la potencia y la duración del tratamiento. Estos incrementos se relacionaron con la capacidad de estas variables para liberar a los polifenoles no extractables y para promover determinadas reacciones químicas. Además, también se estudió el efecto de las diferentes variables sobre la humedad. La potencia y la duración del tratamiento fueron las que se mostraron esenciales para lograr el secado del producto, llegando a producir reducciones de hasta el 70%. Por otro lado, además de estudiarse el impacto de las diferentes variables, también se compararon cacaos producidos por microondas con muestras producidas por el método convencional para evaluar su similitud con los cacaos comerciales. Los resultados mostraron que el microondas, en solo cuatro minutos, fue capaz de oscurecer el cacao y de mantener un perfil sensorial similar al producido por el método tradicional, a la par que conducía a una mejora en sus propiedades funcionales. En resumen, los métodos para la alcalinización de cacao desarrollados en el marco de la presente tesis doctoral han demostrado ser unas alternativas muy prometedoras a la tecnología convencional. Ambas técnicas no solo han sido capaces de oscurecer el cacao tanto como el método comercial en un tiempo mucho menor, sino que también han conseguido el secado parcial de la muestra y unas características sensoriales y funcionales comparables o incluso mejores que las del método convencional.[CA] «Aplicació de noves tecnologies a l'alcalinització de cacau» és una tesi doctoral centrada, d'una banda, en l'estudi dels canvis fisicoquímics i funcionals causats per dos tècniques d'alcalinització alternatives a la convencional i, d'altra banda, en la comparació d'aquestes propietats amb les de mostres comercials. En el capítol I, es descriu un sistema d'alcalinització similar al convencional però basat en extrusió. Aquesta tecnologia s'ha aplicat a l'alcalinització de cacau per la seua capacitat de tractar la matèria primera de forma ràpida i continua, i pel seu baix consum energètic. En primer lloc, es van estudiar els efectes de diverses variables de procés sobre les propietats fisicoquímiques i funcionals de cacaus en pols. En general, de totes les variables, el tipus i la concentració d'àlcali van ser les principals responsables de l'increment de pH, de l'enfosquiment de les mostres i de la reducció en el contingut de compostos funcionals. Pel que fa a la humitat, van ser la temperatura i el contingut en aigua les que van causar els majors efectes, arribant a produir reduccions d'un 50%. A més d'avaluar l'efecte de les diferents variables, en aquest capítol també es van comparar els cacaus produïts mitjançant extrusió amb els alcalinizats pel mètode convencional. Els resultats van mostrar que l'extrusió, en menys de cinc minuts, va a ser capaç d'enfosquir i de produir cacaus en pols amb un perfil sensorial, una capacitat antioxidant i un contingut en polifenols totals relativament similar al dels productes comercials. Pel que fa al capítol II, en aquest s'ha estudiat la tècnica de calfament per microones com una alternativa a l'alcalinització tradicional. La tecnologia microones ha demostrat ser ràpida, versàtil i capaç de preservar les característiques funcionals i sensorials, el que ha fet interessant la seua aplicació a l'alcalinització de cacau. En els treballs que formen aquest segon capítol, es van estudiar els efectes de diverses variables de procés sobre el producte. En general, el tipus i la concentració d'àlcali van ser les variables principalment responsables de l'enfosquiment del cacau, de l'increment del pH i de la reducció de les concentracions de catequina i epicatequina. No obstant això, l'àlcali empleat no va reduir l'activitat antioxidant ni al contingut en fenols totals, propietats que es van incrementar per la pressió, la potència i la duració del tractament. Aquests increments es van relacionar amb la capacitat d'aquestes variables per alliberar els polifenols no extractables i per promoure determinades reaccions químiques. A més, també es va estudiar l'efecte de les diferents variables sobre la humitat. La potència i la duració del tractament van ser les que es van mostrar essencials per aconseguir la deshidratació del producte, arribant a produir reduccions de fins al 70%. D'altra banda, a més d'estudiar-se l'impacte de les diferents variables, també es van comparar els cacaus produïts per microones amb mostres produïdes pel mètode convencional per tal d'avaluar la seua similitud amb els cacaus comercials. Els resultats van mostrar que el microones, en només quatre minuts, va ser capaç d'enfosquir el cacau i de mantenir un perfil sensorial similar al produït pel mètode tradicional, al mateix temps que conduïa a una millora en les seues propietats funcionals. En resum, els mètodes per a l'alcalinització de cacau desenvolupats en el marc de la present tesi doctoral han demostrat ser unes alternatives molt prometedores per a substituir la tecnologia convencional. Les dos tècniques no només han estat capaces d'enfosquir el cacau tant com el mètode comercial en un temps molt menor, sinó que també han aconseguit la deshidratació parcial de la mostra i unes característiques sensorials i funcionals comparables a les del mètode convencional.[EN] "Application of new technologies to cocoa alkalization" is a PhD thesis that aims to study the effects of two alternative techniques on the physicochemical and functional features of alkalized cocoa, and to evaluate their suitability to replace the traditional treatment. In chapter I, the conventional system for alkalization in closed and pressurized vessels has been replaced by extrusion. This technique has been proved to be a fast, continuous and less energy-consuming method, characteristics that the traditional system lacks and that have promoted its application to cocoa alkalization. On the one hand, the effects produced by temperature, water content and alkali type and concentration were evaluated on the physicochemical and functional features of cocoa. In general, alkali type and concentration were the main variables increasing the pH, darkening the sample, but also reducing the functional content, while water content and temperature exerted minor effects. On the other hand, the temperature and the water content were the variables exhibiting the greatest effect on the moisture content, leading to reductions of almost 50%. Moreover, the extrusion alkalization products were compared to traditionally produced cocoa powders based on physicochemical, functional and sensory criteria. The results revealed that extrusion was faster and able to dark cocoa in a greater extent than the conventional treatment and to produce sensory acceptable powders. These results confirm that extrusion is a feasible and promising alternative method able to alkalize cocoa in a fast, continuous and less energy-consuming manner. In chapter II, microwave heating has been studied as a substitute of the traditional alkalization treatment. This heating method has proven to be fast, versatile and able to preserve functional and sensory features of the treated products, which has made interesting its application to cocoa alkalization. The effects of the microwave heating technique on water content, power, duration, pressure application and alkali type and concentration were analyzed. In general, alkali type and concentration were the main variables inducing the darkening of cocoa, increasing its pH and reducing the concentrations of catechin and epicatechin. However, these variables did not affect the antioxidant activity and the total phenol content of the treated cocoas in comparison to the untreated one. Treatment pressure, power and duration exerted positive effects on the antioxidant activity, the total phenol content or both. These changes were related to the capacity of these variables, in combination with the alkali agent, to release non-extractable polyphenols from the matrix and to the induction of different chemical reactions. Additionally, the effects of the different variables were studied on the moisture content. Power and duration of the microwave heating treatment were decisive in the reduction of the water content, which was significantly reduced up to 70%. In terms of the evaluation of the suitability of the developed microwave heating alkalization method, the produced cocoas were compared to the traditionally alkalized ones in their physicochemical, functional and sensory characteristics. The developed fast microwave heating treatment showed to be able to dark cocoa as much as the traditional method, to produce sensory equivalent powders and to lead to the obtaining of cocoas with higher antioxidant activity and phenol content. In conclusion, this PhD thesis has applied extrusion and microwave heating as promising alternatives to cocoa alkalization. These technologies have demonstrated to dark cocoa in a significantly faster fashion than the traditional alkalization treatment, while keeping similar sensory profile and functional features, and substantially drying the product.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government and European Regional Development Fund (Project RTC-2016-5241- 2)Valverde García, D. (2020). Application of new technologies to cocoa alkalization [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/140311TESISCompendi

    EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COCOA BEAN DRIED USING DIFFERENT DRYING TECHNIQUES

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    Processing techniques, particularly drying because cocoa beans are extremely sensitive to moisture, have a significant impact on the quality of the final product. Fermented cocoa beans were dried using the NSPRI parabolic solar tent dryer (PSTD), wooden solar dryer (WSD), and open-air drying (OAD). The dried cocoa beans’ respective moisture contents (MCs) for PSTD, WSD, and OAD were 5.94%, 6.01%, and 6.82%, respectively. The corresponding MCs for the dried cocoa beans from PSTD, WSD, and OAD were 5.94%, 6.01%, and 6.82, respectively. It was found that the cut test scores for PSTD, WSD, and OAD were 1000, 985, and 965, respectively. This showed that, in contrast to those from WSD and OAD, the dried cocoa beans obtained from PSTD were fully brown. For WSD, OAD, and PSTD, respectively, the obtained pH values were 5.60, 5.65, and 5.80, and the total titratable acidity was 11.70 meq NaOH 100–1 g, 14.10 meq NaOH 100–1 g, and 18.30 meq NaOH 100–1 g for PSTD, WSD, and OAD, respectively. Food products’ shelf life may be indicated by the titratable acidity value. Due to its enclosed design, the NSPRI PSTD has an advantage over other drying methods because it completely eliminates the possibility of external and microbial contamination of the cocoa beans

    Controlling temperature using proportional integral and derivative control algorithm for hybrid forced convection solar dryer

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    Drying is one of the crucial processes in agricultural production, especially in grain processing. The drying process can improve grain quality and affect the grain content. However, maintaining the temperature is a challenge in the drying process. Because it can influence the drying performance and produce a low-efficiency reduction of water content, in this study, the hybrid drying system is proposed to improve the performance of the forced convection dryer system. The proposed system used a proportional integral and derivative (PID) control system to obtain the optimal temperature. The proposed system was compared with natural drying and forced convection methods. The experimental result showed that the proposed system performed excellently for three performance evaluations. The average temperature was obtained as the highest of the other methods, with 54.68 °C and 54.55 °C for coffee and cocoa beans. The water content can be reduced by an average of 27.38% and 42.67% for coffee and cocoa beans. Then, the proposed system also had the highest reduction efficiency of water content than the other methods, with 62.71% and 36.94% reductions for coffee and cocoa beans, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid system performs better than the other methods

    Microbial Characterization of Retail Cocoa Powders and Chocolate Bars of Five Brands Sold in Italian Supermarkets

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    A microbial characterization of cocoa powder and chocolate bars of three batches of five different brands sold in Italian markets was performed. The results showed a variable microbial population consisting of mesophilic and thermophilic spore formation in both types of products. The chocolate bars were also contaminated with molds of environmental origin. Bacillus spp. and Geobacillus spp. were found in both products. The chocolate bars were also contaminated by molds belonging to the genera Penicillium and Cladosporium. The sporogenous strains mainly originate from the raw materials, i.e., cocoa beans, as the heat treatments involved (roasting of the beans and conching of the chocolate) are not sufficient to reach commercial sterility. Furthermore, the identified spore‐forming species have often been isolated from cocoa beans. The molds isolated from chocolate seem to have an origin strictly linked to the final phases of production (environment and packaging). However, the level of contaminants is limited (<2 log CFU/g); the molds do not develop in both products due to their low Aw (<0.6) and do not affect the safety of the products. However, a case of mold development in chocolate bars was observed. Among the isolated molds, only Penicillium lanosocoeruleum demonstrated a high xero‐tolerance and grew under some conditions on chocolate bars. Its growth could be explained by a cocoa butter bloom accompanied by the presence of humidity originating from the bloom or acquired during packaging

    Cuantificación de precursores aromáticos en fermentación cultivo-dependiente de cacao criollo orgánico (theobroma cacao l.)

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    Se cuantificó los precursores aromáticos durante la fermentación cultivo-dependiente de cacao criollo orgánico (Theobroma cacao L.) procedentes de tres zonas geográficas (Copallin, Tolopampa y Guadalupe) y dos tipos d fermentación (espontánea y cultivo-dependiente) se cuantificaron mediante Espectroscopia Raman los siguientes precursores aromáticos: alanina, fenilalanina, isoleucina, leucina, sacarosa, fructosa y glucosa. Se observó que durante a fermentación los aminoácidos tienden a aumentar su contenido, mostrando mayor concentración en la fermentación con cultivo-dependiente que en la espontánea; mientras que en los azúcares se muestra una degradación entre las 48 y 120 horas y una tendencia a disminuir de la sacarosa y la glucosa y a aumentar de la fructosa durante el proceso de fermentación de igual manera se muestra mayor degradación de azúcares en la fermentación cultivo-dependiente; en el análisis de componentes principales se pudo observar que las muestras con fermentación cultivo dependiente muestran mayor cantidad de agrupaciones lo cual indicaría que existen diferentes componentes según el tiempo de fermentación del grano Por su lado el lugar de procedencia se observó un mejor desarrollo de precursores aromáticos en la muestras procedentes de Tolopampa
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