The rise and fall of rabies in Japan: A quantitative history of rabies epidemics in Osaka Prefecture, 1914-1933

Japan has been free from rabies since the 1950s. However, during the early 1900s several large-scale epidemics spread throughout the country. Here we investigate the dynamics of these epidemics between 1914 and 1933 in Osaka Prefecture, using archival data including newspapers. The association between dog rabies cases and human population density was investigated using Mixed-effects models and epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproduction number (R0), the incubation and infectious period and the serial interval were estimated. A total of 4,632 animal rabies cases were reported, mainly in dogs (99.0%, 4,584 cases) during two epidemics from 1914 to 1921, and 1922 to 1933 respectively. The second epidemic was larger (3,705 cases) than the first (879 cases), but had a lower R0 (1.50 versus 2.42). The first epidemic was controlled through capture of stray dogs and tethering of pet dogs. Dog mass vaccination began in 1923, with campaigns to capture stray dogs. Rabies in Osaka Prefecture was finally eliminated in 1933. A total of 3,805 rabid dog-bite injuries, and 75 human deaths were reported. The relatively low incidence of human rabies, high ratio of post-exposure vaccines (PEP) and bite injuries by rabid dogs (minimum 6.2 to maximum 73.6, between 1924 and 1928), and a decline in the proportion of bite victims that developed hydrophobia over time (slope = -0.29, se = 3, p < 0.001), indicated that increased awareness and use of PEP might have prevented disease. Although significantly more dog rabies cases were detected at higher human population densities (slope = 0.66, se = 0.03, p < 0.01), there were fewer dog rabies cases detected per capita (slope = -0.34, se = 0.03, p < 0.01). We suggest that the combination of mass vaccination and restriction of dog movement enabled by strong legislation was key to eliminate rabies. Moreover, the prominent role of the media in both reporting rabies cases and efforts to control the disease likely contributed to promoting the successful participation required to achieve rabies elimination

Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education. Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies

AYURVEDIC ASPECT OF RABIES AND ITS MANAGEMENT

Rabies also known as Hydrophobia is an acute, highly fetal ‘Viral Disease’ of Central Nervous System caused by Rabid Animal Bite that is transmitted by infected secretions. Most commonly, transmission to humans takes place through exposure to saliva during a bite by an infected animal. The rabid virus is belonging from family Rhabdoviridae, with at least seven distinct types within the genus Lyssa virusare responsible for Rabies. In Ayurveda, Rabies is mentioned under the heading of Alark Visha. The infected rabid pet as well as wild animal like Dogs, Jackals, Foxes, Wolves, Bears, Tigers, Mule, Horses, Panther are responsible for Rabies. After bite the Sangyavah Strotas (Central Nervous System) will be affected due to vitiation of Doshas (body constitution). Local feature like penetrating wound with blackish blood along with numbness around the wound while prodromal and encephalitic phase along with Jalsantras (Hydrophobia) will be produced after systemic involvement. Squeeze out the blood from the wound and cauterization by warm ghee just after bite, followed by local application of Agad will be helpful to prevent the rabies. Internal medication after purgation by milk of Calotropis Procera will be helpful to control the rabies. Folk ware medicine are also highly used all over India to treat the rabies. Thus by using the concept of Ayurveda, Rabies (Alark Visha) can be easily prevented by means of first aid just after bite. It can be also treated by giving anti rabies herbal drug (Agadpan) and purification (Tikshna Sanshodhan) which is already mentioned in Ayurveda.

Case Report: An unusual case of priapism

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Rabid Response: Unpacking the history of the rabies virus to examine resource allocation

Rabies is a neurological disease transmitted by the bite of an infected animal and has assured fatal consequences if untreated. Despite the existence of an effective vaccine, the virus kills more than 50,000 people every year, primarily in low-income countries where dog-mediated strains of rabies persist. The long history of the disease has seen many transitions in disease context but also given rise to salient socio-cultural narratives that shape control and elimination campaigns. Effective future address of the disease requires knitting together historical lessons with frameworks of resource allocation

Rabies vaccine and neuraxial anaesthesia

This case report of neuraxial anaesthesia for emergency orthopaedic surgery serves to highlight the dilemma faced by anaesthetists when surgical intervention becomes necessary in a patient on anti-rabies vaccine. The two issues of importance are the possible reduction in the efficacy of vaccination by an immunosuppressive effect of anaesthesia and surgery, and the possible need to avoid local anaesthetics for the provision of postoperative analgesia to assist in the early detection of any neurological deficit.Keywords: rabies; vaccine; anaesthesia; neuraxial bloc

Rabies Hysteria: Case series

Background: Rabies is an acute and fatal zoonotic viral disease that affects warm-blooded mammals. This disease is usually transmitted between humans and other animals through bites, scratches, or saliva from infected animals. Depending on the mortality rate of rabies, people sometimes experience mental stress after biting or contact. This condition is called mental stress toward rabies (Rabies Hysteria). Cases Report: In this study, we referred to seven cases of rabies hysteria, which were referred to the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies of Pasteur Institute of Iran. Conclusion: Studies have shown that the level of low awareness and the wrong attitude toward the disease aggravates medical hysteria. The health system should evaluate social knowledge and attitude

Travel-associated Rabies in Austrian Man

Rabies developed in an Austrian man after he was bitten by a dog in Agadir, Morocco. Diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The patient's girlfriend was bitten by the same dog, but she did not become ill