11 research outputs found
Water en nutriënten in de Kringloop
Zonder tegenmaatregelen zullen in 2050 gebruik en verspilling van zoet water op wereldschaal minstens drie keer groter zijn dan nu. Het watertekort op de planeet beperkt dan de voedselvoorziening en brengt nog meer schade toe aan ecosystemen. Er moet sterk worden ingezet op hergebruik van water, door het sluiten van kringlopen. Hier wordt een start gegeven vanuit de Millieu- en Watertechnologie. Wie reikt de technologen de hand vanuit Landinrichting en Planning, om een geĂŻntegreerde aanpak te helpen ontwikkelen?
From city to water authority, water quality management in the era before the Law Pollution Surface Waters (1970)
Charles Liernur's pneumatic sewage system and the governance of soils
This article interrogates the epistemological conditions of Charles Liernurâs pneumatic sewage system in order to shed light on the changing relation between soils and Dutch society in the nineteenth century. The first section discusses the relation between hygienism, soil and sewage. The second section unearths how Liernurâs design related to the agricultural chemistry of Justus Liebig. Through the epistemologies and the mediating technologies that are operationalized by hygienists and chemists, soils are made governable. The final section of this article discusses the struggle to commercialise the urban waste collected by Liernurâs system, highlighting the difference between governable and governed soils
De stad, het vuil en de beerput
This archaeological-historical study focuses on the urban sanitation infrastructure of the 13th to 18th century. The central theme revolves around explaining the rise and fall of what is called âthe cesspit eraâ. To this end four Dutch towns from coastal provinces, and three from inland provinces were investigated. The emergence of cesspits in the water rich towns of the Dutch coastal provinces can be considered as material evidence for the âpublic affairâ principle. The storage of faecal matter in cesspits prevented it from saturating the arteries of the towns (read: waterways) and thereby damaging the social and economic infrastructure. In Leiden the cesspit died a remarkably early death compared to other Dutch towns. Around 1600 cesspits started being replaced by sewage drains that drained directly into the canals. The motive behind the âcesspit murderâ is easily provided in light of the high financial burdens that the maintenance of cesspits entailed for landlords. Yet while the âsmoking gunâ was in the hands of the housing industry, the municipality of Leiden had issued the license. By fundamentally shifting her priorities the city administration had facilitated Leidenâs transformation into a pre-industrial capitalist textile town, which was mirrored by her dictum âmore textile workers, more looms, more prosperityâ. The flip side of this for some golden coin was that the functioning medieval sanitation policies had been exchanged for hygienic conditions normally only associated with the situation during the industrial revolution with all the negative consequences this entailed
De stad, het vuil en de beerput
This archaeological-historical study focuses on the urban sanitation infrastructure of the 13th to 18th century. The central theme revolves around explaining the rise and fall of what is called âthe cesspit eraâ. To this end four Dutch towns from coastal provinces, and three from inland provinces were investigated. The emergence of cesspits in the water rich towns of the Dutch coastal provinces can be considered as material evidence for the âpublic affairâ principle. The storage of faecal matter in cesspits prevented it from saturating the arteries of the towns (read: waterways) and thereby damaging the social and economic infrastructure. In Leiden the cesspit died a remarkably early death compared to other Dutch towns. Around 1600 cesspits started being replaced by sewage drains that drained directly into the canals. The motive behind the âcesspit murderâ is easily provided in light of the high financial burdens that the maintenance of cesspits entailed for landlords. Yet while the âsmoking gunâ was in the hands of the housing industry, the municipality of Leiden had issued the license. By fundamentally shifting her priorities the city administration had facilitated Leidenâs transformation into a pre-industrial capitalist textile town, which was mirrored by her dictum âmore textile workers, more looms, more prosperityâ. The flip side of this for some golden coin was that the functioning medieval sanitation policies had been exchanged for hygienic conditions normally only associated with the situation during the industrial revolution with all the negative consequences this entailed
Watersysteem en stadsvorm in Holland : Een verkenning in kaartbeelden: 1575, 1680, 1900 en 2015
In 1901, the Polderkaart van de landen tusschen Maas en IJ (Polder map of the lands between Maas and IJ) appeared in print. This large coloured wall map was the work of W.H.Hoekwater of Charlois, a teacher by profession.The map had an educational purpose: Hoekwater wanted to show just what a âsingular countryâ this low-lying area of the Netherlands was, built and maintained through the âsheer willpower and genius of earlier and current inhabitantsâ. His explanatory notes consist of a brief technical introduction and, most notably, a summary and description of the storage drainage systems and associated hydraulic engineering works, with tables showing the different water levels. Hoekwater had two versions of his explanatory notes printed, one for municipal, polder and water boardadministrators and one for school children.Hoekwaterâs map showed the hydraulic engineering works in the area between the rivers Maas and IJ, and how those entities discharged into the waters outside the dyke system. Hoekwater had drawn the map on his own initiative, without having been commissioned to do so by a district water board or any other organisation. Since the sixteenth century, large wall maps of various water board districts had been made at the behest of dyke and polder boards. Those older maps show the territory of the relevant water board complete with watercourses and the main ngineering works under its control. None of those maps transcends the level of scale of a single water board district. But it is not just its scale that makes Hoekwaterâs unique. Hoekwater depicts the entire water system and its operation in an innovative way, using colour schemes to enable viewers to follow the flow of water.
Erratum
Rowin van Lanen is erroneously not listed as author of 'Water system and city form in Holland'.
Note 1 on page 47 should read: This research was a collaboration between the Cultural Heritage Agency and the Faculty of Architecture at Delft University of Technology. The texts were written by Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Menne Kosian and Reinout Rutte; they serve as explanatory notes to the maps, which were compiled by Otto Diesfeldt and Iskandar PanĂ© on the basis of a historical GIS created by Menne Kosian and Rowin van Lanen, and expanded under the supervision of Yvonne van Mil by Thomas van den Brink and Arnoud de Waaier. The writing of this text would not have been possible without the cooperation of Guus J. Borger, who provided critical comments on an earlier version, of which grateful use was made.In 1901 verscheen de Polderkaart van de landen tusschen Maas en IJ in druk. Deze monumentale gekleurde wandkaart was vervaardigd door W.H. Hoekwater, afkomstig uit Charlois, van beroep onderwijzer. De kaart had een educatief doel: Hoekwater wilde laten zien hoezeer laag Nederland âeen eigenaardig landâ was, aangelegd en in stand gehouden door âwilskracht en genie der vroegere en tegenwoordige bewonersâ. In zijn toelichting geeft Hoekwater een korte technische inleiding, maar vooral een opsomming en beschrijving van de boezemsystemen en bijbehorende kunstwerken, met tabellen van de verschillende waterstanden. Hoekwater had twee versies van zijn toelichting laten drukken, Ă©Ă©n voor gemeente-, polder- en waterschapsbesturen en Ă©Ă©n voor scholieren.Op zijn kaart liet Hoekwater onder meer zien uit welke waterstaatkundige eenheden het gebied tussen Maas en IJ bestond en hoe die eenheden uitboezemden op de uitenwateren. Hoekwater had de kaart op eigen initiatief getekend, zonder opdracht van een hoogheemraadschap of enige andere organisatie. Sinds de zestiende eeuw zijn van diverse hoogheemraadschappen grote wandkaarten gemaakt in opdracht van de colleges van dijkgraaf en heemraden. Die oudere kaarten tonen het grondgebied van het betreffende hoogheemraadschap met de daarin gelegen waterlopen en de belangrijkste kunstwerken die het in beheer had. Geen van die kaarten overstijgt het schaalniveau van een enkel hoogheemraadschap. Maar de kaart van Hoekwater is niet alleen vanwege zijn schaal een uniek document. Hoekwater laat het complete watersysteem en het functioneren ervan zien op een innovatieve manier. Via de kleurschakeringen op de kaart is de loop van het water te volgen.Â
Erratum
Rowin van Lanen is abusievelijk niet vermeld als auteur van âWatersysteem en stadsvorm in Hollandâ.
Noot 1 op pagina 47 moet luiden: Dit onderzoek was een samenwerking tussen de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed en de Faculteit Bouwkunde van de Technische Universiteit Delft. De teksten zijn geschreven door Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Menne Kosian en Reinout Rutte; deze dienen als toelichting bij de kaarten, die werden samengesteld door Otto Diesfeldt en Iskandar Pané op basis van een historisch GIS dat werd gemaakt door Menne Kosian en Rowin van Lanen, en onder leiding van Yvonne van Mil uitgebreid door Thomas van den Brink en Arnoud de Waaier. Het schrijven van deze tekst was niet mogelijk geweest zonder de medewerking van Guus J. Borger, die een eerdere versie van kritisch commentaar voorzag, waarvan dankbaar gebruik is gemaakt