CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE ITAÚBA E MACACAÚBA EM RECIPIENTES DE DIFERENTES TAMANHOS

The dimensions of the container affect both the production cost and the quality of seedlings of forest species, and the pattern of response of these depends on the specificity of the species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of size of containers on the initial growth of forest species Mezilaurus itauba Taub. ex Mez and Platymiscium ulei Harms. Two experiments were conducted concomitantly in nursery conditions, using the completely randomized design with five replicates. The treatments comprised of six sizes of containers: 20 cm x 15 cm (T1), 20 cm x 20 cm (T2), 23 cm x 20 cm (T3), 25 cm x 20 cm (T4), 30 cm x 20 cm (T5) and 33 cm x 23 cm (T6). After 90 days of growth, the size of containers affects differently the quality of the seedlings of both the species. The size of container 25 x 20 cm is more appropriate for the cultivation of macacaúba species while the best response to itaúba was obtained for the container 33 x 23 cm. On the other hand, the containers 20 x 15 cm and 20 x 20 cm should not be used for any of the tested species.As dimensões do recipiente afetam tanto o custo de produção quanto a qualidade das mudas de espécies florestais, e o padrão de resposta destas é dependente da especificidade da espécie. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito do tamanho de recipientes no crescimento inicial das espécies florestais Mezilaurus itauba Taub. ex Mez e Platymiscium ulei Harms. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos concomitantemente, em condições de viveiro, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os tamanhos de recipientes testados equivaleram-se a 20 x 15 cm (T1); 20 x 20 cm (T2); 23 x 20 cm (T3); 25 x 20 cm (T4); 30 x 20 cm (T5) e 33 x 23 cm (T6). Aos 90 dias após o transplantio das plântulas, verificou-se que o tamanho de recipientes afeta, de maneira diferenciada, a qualidade das mudas tanto de macacaúba quanto de itaúba. Sendo o recipiente 25 x 20 cm mais indicado para o cultivo da espécie macacaúba, enquanto que para a itaúba recomenda-se o recipiente de dimensões 33 x 23 cm. Por outro lado, os recipientes 20 x 15 cm e 20 x 20 cm não devem ser utilizados para nenhuma das espécies avaliadas

INITIAL GROWTH OF ITA aBA AND MACACA aBA UNDER CONTAINERS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

As dimens\uf5es do recipiente afetam tanto o custo de produ\ue7\ue3o quanto a qualidade das mudas de esp\ue9cies florestais, e o padr\ue3o de resposta destas \ue9 dependente da especificidade da esp\ue9cie. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito do tamanho de recipientes no crescimento inicial das esp\ue9cies florestais Mezilaurus itauba Taub. ex Mez e Platymiscium ulei Harms. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos concomitantemente, em condi\ue7\uf5es de viveiro, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repeti\ue7\uf5es. Os tamanhos de recipientes testados equivaleram-se a 20 x 15 cm (T1); 20 x 20 cm (T2); 23 x 20 cm (T3); 25 x 20 cm (T4); 30 x 20 cm (T5) e 33 x 23 cm (T6). Aos 90 dias ap\uf3s o transplantio das pl\ue2ntulas, verificou-se que o tamanho de recipientes afeta, de maneira diferenciada, a qualidade das mudas tanto de macaca\ufaba quanto de ita\ufaba. Sendo o recipiente 25 x 20 cm mais indicado para o cultivo da esp\ue9cie macaca\ufaba, enquanto que para a ita\ufaba recomenda-se o recipiente de dimens\uf5es 33 x 23 cm. Por outro lado, os recipientes 20 x 15 cm e 20 x 20 cm n\ue3o devem ser utilizados para nenhuma das esp\ue9cies avaliadas.The dimensions of the container affect both the production cost and the quality of seedlings of forest species, and the pattern of response of these depends on the specificity of the species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of size of containers on the initial growth of forest species Mezilaurus itauba Taub. ex Mez and Platymiscium ulei Harms. Two experiments were conducted concomitantly in nursery conditions, using the completely randomized design with five replicates. The treatments comprised of six sizes of containers: 20 cm x 15 cm (T1), 20 cm x 20 cm (T2), 23 cm x 20 cm (T3), 25 cm x 20 cm (T4), 30 cm x 20 cm (T5) and 33 cm x 23 cm (T6). After 90 days of growth, the size of containers affects differently the quality of the seedlings of both the species. The size of container 25 x 20 cm is more appropriate for the cultivation of macaca\ufaba species while the best response to ita\ufaba was obtained for the container 33 x 23 cm. On the other hand, the containers 20 x 15 cm and 20 x 20 cm should not be used for any of the tested species

Plant Agronomic Features Can Predict Quality and Field Performance: A Bibliometric Analysis

Plant quality and survival prediction tools are useful when applied in the field in different agricultural sectors. The objectives of this study were to conduct a review and bibliometric analysis of the Dickson Quality Index (DQI) as a key plant quality indicator and with respect to its scientific applications. A third objective was to identify the main morphological and physiological parameters used in plant production research. The methodology and findings of 289 scientific articles were analysed based on the morphological, physiological, and mathematical parameters used as plant quality indicators in research on forest, medicinal, horticultural, aromatic, and ornamental species. During the last 10 years, the number of publications that have used the DQI as a plant quality parameter has increased by 150%, and Brazilian researchers stand out as the most frequent users. Forestry is the discipline where quality parameters and their biometric relationships are most often used to facilitate intensive plant production. Use of the DQI increases the certainty of prediction, selection, and productivity in the plant production chain. The DQI is a robust tool with scientific application and great potential for use in the preselection of plants with high quality standards among a wide range of plant species

Improving reforestation success of high-value and key forest species by direct seeding in Southeast Asia and Western Australia

Worldwide, natural forests have been decreasing in area at an alarming rate. In Cambodia, the annual deforestation rate was 127 000 ha year-1 from 2005 to 2010 and this seriously threatens biodiversity and the livelihoods of rural communities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reforest or establish forest plantations to meet two main objectives: economic development and biodiversity conservation. This thesis concerns the promotion of early survival and growth of planted or direct-seeded seedlings to overcome the harsh conditions of reforestation sites in tropical and mediterranean-type ecosystems, with special attention given to threatened high-value timber species of Southeast Asia. Worldwide, there is an increasing effort to reforest degraded forests and old agricultural lands. However, reforestation of degraded lands is often difficult and is usually expensive; therefore, direct seeding is an alternative to conventional tree planting. Some of the major constraints facing reforestation efforts were reviewed, and opportunities that could be useful for promotion of early establishment and growth of seedlings were explored. These were then used to define reforestation field studies in Australia, Thailand and Cambodia. In a harsh mediterranean-type ecosystem in Western Australia, effects of microorganisms (mycorrhizal fungi and N2-fixing bacteria) and planting material (seed and seedling) on survival and growth of two key post-disturbance colonizing species, Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Acacia saligna, were investigated. For E. gomphocephala, survival at 13 months was higher for out-planted seedlings (81%) than from direct seeding (7.5%). Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungal spores was not beneficial. For A. saligna, survival at 13 months was also higher for seedlings (84%) than for seeding (42.5%). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria from crushed root nodules of A. saligna did not promote survival or growth of the species nor did a mixed commercial mycorrhizal inoculum. In Southeast Asia, the leguminaceous rosewoods, Afzelia xylocarpa and Dalbergia cochinchinensis, are threatened throughout their range by habitat loss and over exploitation for their extremely highly-prized timber. The species have been promoted for reforestation in Cambodia for economic development and genetic conservation. The current conservation status of A. xylocarpa and D. cochinchinensis in Cambodia was examined, and information on silviculture, trade and current conservation measures applied in that country was drawn together. Some important steps in the development of domestication strategies, including testing and improving silvicultural practices and increasing the supply of genetically superior seeds from seed production areas and seed orchards, were outlined. This information was then used to help select species for the trials in Thailand and Cambodia. Many high-value timber species of continental Southeast Asia, including some rosewoods, have been promoted in reforestation programmes. However, the slowgrowing habit at the early stage of development is a challenge for promoting these species in tree plantings. Therefore, effects of beneficial microorganisms and fertilizer on establishment and growth of direct-seeded seedlings of D. cochinchinensis and Xylia xylocarpa were investigated in a trial on former agroforestry land in Thailand and compared to Acacia mangium, an exotic fast-growing plantation species. After 20 months, a mixed inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) + ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and a mixed inoculum of AM fungi + N2-fixing bacteria (crushed root nodule) improved survival of D. cochinchinensis by 15 and 17%, respectively. The co-inoculation of AM with ECM also improved diameter growth of the same species by 43%. A second field trial explored the effects a water retention polymer and fertilizer on direct seeding of A. mangium, Afzelia xylocarpa, D. cochinchinensis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Sindora cochinchinensis and X. xylocarpa. The combination of polymer and fertilizer increased height growth of all six tree species by 40%. The effect of the polymer and fertilizer was further investigated in Cambodia with direct seeding of the same indigenous species. There, the combination of the polymer with fertilizer increased seedling establishment only by 7%. As selected strains of compatible N2-fixing bacteria were not available, crushed root nodules were used in some of the field trials. In order to improve the technology in the future, three strains of N2-fixing bacteria were isolated from root nodules of D. cochinchinensis grown in Cambodia and then tested under glasshouse conditions and a seed coating technique was employed as a means to deliver bacteria to seeds along with broth culture. After 16 weeks, one of the three isolates increased total dry weight of D. cochinchinensis seedlings by ca. 150% over the uninoculated control that was not fed inorganic nitrogen. The effective strain was identified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii after the DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using RPO1 primer (5'-AAT TTT CAA GCG TCG TGC CA-3') and then partial 16S rRNA nucleotide gene sequences were compared with the Gene Bank database. Both methods of delivering of bacteria (seed coating and broth culture) were equally effective. The effectiveness of B. elkanii was explored under field conditions in Cambodia with direct seeding of D. cochinchinensis, but no effect on seedling establishment or growth was obtained after six months of trial establishment. Competition from indigenous bacteria was suggested as one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the introduced strain. The main finding of this thesis was the suitability of the four high-value timber species in reforestation by direct seeding in tropical regions, in former agricultural land where proper site preparation and intensive weeding were provided, as well as on land previously under degraded forest where minimal site preparation was undertaken. Also, the application of a water retention polymer promoted establishment and growth of seedlings under tropical conditions. This should be evaluated further in a wider range of reforestation sites including sandy soils. More work should be undertaken to identify effective symbionts for the tropical rosewoods. These and other symbionts should be evaluated in reforestation trials in which more attention is paid to site characteristics and populations of indigenous beneficial organisms

Dipterocarps protected by Jering local wisdom in Jering Menduyung Nature Recreational Park, Bangka Island, Indonesia

Apart of the oil palm plantation expansion, the Jering Menduyung Nature Recreational Park has relatively diverse plants. The 3,538 ha park is located at the north west of Bangka Island, Indonesia. The minimum species-area curve was 0.82 ha which is just below Dalil conservation forest that is 1.2 ha, but it is much higher than measurements of several secondary forests in the Island that are 0.2 ha. The plot is inhabited by more than 50 plant species. Of 22 tree species, there are 40 individual poles with the average diameter of 15.3 cm, and 64 individual trees with the average diameter of 48.9 cm. The density of Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco or kruing, is 20.7 individual/ha with the diameter ranges of 12.1 – 212.7 cm or with the average diameter of 69.0 cm. The relatively intact park is supported by the local wisdom of Jering tribe, one of indigenous tribes in the island. People has regulated in cutting trees especially in the cape. The conservation agency designates the park as one of the kruing propagules sources in the province. The growing oil palm plantation and the less adoption of local wisdom among the youth is a challenge to forest conservation in the province where tin mining activities have been the economic driver for decades. More socialization from the conservation agency and the involvement of university students in raising environmental awareness is important to be done

Growth dynamics of container seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Hymenaea courbaril L.

ABSTRACT Growth analysis (GA) is used to quantify plant development based on morphophysiological changes. GA is a practical tool to evaluate nursery techniques to make them more efficient. The objective of this essay was to quantity measure morphophysiological growth variables of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Hymenaea courbaril (jatoba) container seedlings to characterize growth stages. The essay was conducted in a shade house located in the western state of Paraná. GA analyses were performed at 10-day intervals on seedlings of both species. When evaluating Hymenaea courbaril seedlings results indicated increased values of height, diameter, root and shoot dry biomass up to 130 days after emergence (DAE). Seedling growth stage-based GA were 70, 100 and 130 DAE for the Eucalyptus hybrid and 50, 80, and 110 DAE for jatoba which presented accelerated, intermediate and reduced seedling growth

Mapping of moisture on wood surface with hyperspectral imaging

Conference abstract for the 2020 Society of Wood Science and Technology International Convention.Pages 590-59