Efeito do consumo materno de ácido linoleico conjugado sobre parâmetros físicos, bioquímicos e comportamentais da prole de ratos

The type of fat offered during pregnancy and lactation can trigger problems such as anxiety, depression and metabolic changes in the offspring or protect against these diseases. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a group of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid and is known to exert beneficial functions in the body. However, little is known about the influence of this lipid on the maternal diet and the offspring. Therefore, the objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of CLA offered during the gestation and lactation phase on physical, biochemical and behavioral parameters of the offspring. Three groups were formed: control (CG) - diet without CLA; CLA1 - diet containing 1% CLA; and CLA3 - diet containing 3% CLA. Diets were offered to mothers from the 7th day of pregnancy until the end of lactation. The following behavioral tests were used: Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field (OF) and Light-Dark Box (LDB). The levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione were measured in the offspring's brain. To assess metabolic changes, body weight, murinometry, body fat, biochemical analyzes, fat and fatty acid profile of the liver were measured. For data analysis, the Oneway ANOVA statistical test was used, followed by the Tukey test (p≤0.05). CLA1 and CLA3 presented a greater number of entries in the open arms and time spent in the central area in EPM, translocated and ambulated more in the clear area of the LDB and performed a longer rearing time in the OF compared to the CG (p≤0.05). In addition, a higher concentration of glutathione and lower MDA was observed in the brain tissue of animals from CLA1 and CLA3, as well as a greater amount of retroperitoneal and epididymal fat, total cholesterol and High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), when compared to CG (p≤0.05). In contrast, lower waist circumference and lower blood glucose values were observed in these groups versus the CG (p≤0.05). Regarding the fatty acid profile in the liver, CLA3 showed a greater amount of MUFA versus GC and CLA1. However, in this group the amount of PUFA in the n-3 series and total PUFA was lower when compared to the GC and lower values of n-6 PUFA versus GC and CLA1 (p≤0.05). The CLA content in the liver was found in insignificant amounts (p≥0.05). Maternal intake of CLA at both concentrations induced a decrease in anxiety parameters and cerebral lipid peroxidation, as well as improved fatty acid profile in the liver, increased levels of HDL-c and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Consumption of CLA at crucial stages of life is safe and can benefit the offspring. The effects were independent of the dose, but tests on humans must be performed to confirm the results.O tipo de gordura ofertada durante a gestação e lactação pode desencadear problemas como ansiedade, depressão e alterações metabólicas na prole ou proteger contra estas doenças. O Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) é um grupo de isômeros conjugados do ácido linoleico e é conhecido por exercer funções benéficas no organismo. Porém pouco se sabe sobre a influência deste lipídio na dieta materna e nos filhotes. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo é avaliar a influência do CLA ofertado na fase de gestação e lactação em parâmetros físicos, bioquímicos e comportamentais da prole. Três grupos foram formados: controle (GC) - dieta sem CLA.; CLA1 - dieta contendo 1% de CLA.; e CLA3 - dieta contendo 3% de CLA. As dietas foram oferecidas às mães a partir do 7º dia de gestação até o final da lactação. Foram utilizados os seguintes testes comportamentais: Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE), Campo Aberto (CA) e Caixa Claro-Escuro (CCE). Os níveis de malonaldeído (MDA) e glutationa foram medidos no cérebro da prole. Para avaliar as alterações metabólicas foi aferido peso corporal, murinometria, gordura corporal, análises bioquímicas, gordura e perfil de ácido graxos do fígado. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste estatístico One way ANOVA seguido do teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). CLA1 e CLA3 apresentaram maior número de entradas nos braços abertos e tempo gasto na área central em LCE, translocaram e ambularam mais na área clara do LCE e realizaram maior tempo de rearing no CA em relação ao GC (p≤0,05). Além disso, observou-se maior concentração de glutationa e menor de MDA no tecido cerebral dos animais desses grupos, como também maior quantidade de gordura retroperitoneal e epididimal, colesterol total e High Density Lipoprotein colesterol (HDL-c), quando comparados ao GC (p≤0,05). Em contrapartida, menor circunferência abdominal e menor valor de glicemia foram observados nestes grupos versus o GC (p≤0,05). Com relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos no fígado, CLA3 apresentou maior quantidade de MUFA versus GC e CLA1. Porém, neste grupo a quantidade PUFA da série n-3 e PUFA total foi menor quando comparado ao GC e menores valores de n6 PUFA versus GC e CLA1 (p≤0,05). O conteúdo de CLA no fígado foi encontrado em quantidades insignificantes (p≥0,05). A ingestão materna de CLA nas duas concentrações, induziu uma diminuição nos parâmetros de ansiedade e peroxidação lipídica cerebral, como também melhorou perfil de ácidos graxos no fígado, aumentou níveis de HDL-c e Teste Oral de Tolerância a Glicose (TOTG). O consumo de CLA em fases cruciais da vida é seguro e pode trazer benefícios para a prole. Os efeitos foram independentes da dose, porém testes com humanos devem ser realizados para confirmar os resultados

Efficacy of two medical plant extracts and metformin in the prevention of diet induced fatty liver

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is manifested in the absent of alcohol abuse. This disease is the major cause of liver failure and death among adults and children worldwide, including South Africa. Its increasing prevalence urges the need of therapeutic intervention. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the following: (1) The effect of 38.9% high fat diet (HFD)‐induced insulin resistance and fatty liver in male Wistar rats, (2) The efficacy of aqueous extracts from Sutherlandia frutescens leaves and Prunus africana bark and metformin in the treatment of HFDinduced insulin resistance and fatty liver. Male Wistar rats were fed on HFD (the HF group) or normal rat chow (the LF group) for 12 weeks. Even though the HFD‐fed rats had developed insulin resistance by week 12, fatty liver developed by week 16. After week 12, the HF group was divided into four groups of 6‐7 rats each and three of those groups were gavaged with either 0.125 mg P. africana extract/kg bwt/day (the HF+Pa group) or 50 mg S. frutescens extract kg bwt/day (the HF+Sf group) or 16 mg metformin/ kg bwt/day (HF+Met group), while kept on the same diet for an additional of 4 weeks, to investigate whether two medicinal plant extracts and metformin can prevent HFD to induce fatty liver or not. After 16 weeks, the liver histological images revealed that the HF group developed fatty liver in the form of both microsteatosis and macrosteatosis. Fatty liver was confirmed by significant increased liver total lipid (TL) and activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (cG6PD) and xanthine oxidase (XO), mitochondrial NADH oxidase (mNOX) and by a decrease (P5% per liver weight in all treated groups. The present study demonstrates that these two plant extracts and metformin have different glucogenic and lipogenic effects from that presented by HFD alone when compared to the LFD alone. In conclusion, metformin and P. africana extract can attenuate HFD‐induced fatty liver without changing the dietary habits. Hence S. frutescens extract is less effective in the prevention of HFD‐induced fatty liver. A change in the dietary habits is recommended to be considered during the use of these three remedies in the treatment of HFD‐induced insulin resistance and fatty liver. All three treatments enhanced antioxidant capacity, and may improve insulin resistance and fatty liver mediated by the present HFD through different mechanism of actions in the liver

The Proceeding Of The 1st International Conference Technology on Biosciences and Social Science 2016: “Industry Based On Knowledges

The Proceeding Of The 1st International Conference Technology on Biosciences and Social Science 2016  Theme: “Industry Based On Knowledges” 17th– 19th November 2016, Convention Hall, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia Organized by  Animal Science Faculty of Andalas University and Alumbi Center of Universiti Putra Malaysia  &nbsp