Channel-Fill Sandstones in the Middle Pennsylvanian Rocks of Indiana

Indiana Geological Survey Report of Investigation 23Data from coal-test boreholes and outcrops show that channel-fill sandstones occur at 32 localities in western Indiana in the Brazil, Staunton, Linton, Petersburg, and Dugger Formations of middle Pennsylvanian age. These sandstones average 40 feet thick, 3 miles long, and a quarter of a mile wide at the top and commonly trend southwestward down the regional dip. At least nine different coal beds are cutout or replaced locally by these channel-fill sandstones. Four classes of channel-fill sandstones are recognized in Indiana. Channel-fill sandstones of class 1 form a dendritic pattern and trend and thicken downdip; those of class 2 also form a dendritic pattern and trend downdip without thickening; channel sandstones of class 3 do not form a dendritic pattern but also trend downdip; and those of class 4 do not trend downdip; instead, they are parallel to the regional strike, and they do not have a dendritic pattern. The channel-fill sandstones are light brown or red brown, thick bedded and crossbedded, medium grained to coarse grained, and micaceous. Their bases rest disconformably on underlying strata, and they represent the lowest stratigraphic unit in a cyclothem. Paleotopography, influenced by differential compaction of sandstone and shale, underlying structure, and a southwesterly regional slope determined the geographic distribution and orientation of the channel-fill sandstones. The periodic lowering of sea level during middle Pennsylvanian time probably exposed the Cincinnati Arch and thus permitted consequent subaerial streams to erode the channels and fill them mostly with sand on at least six different occasions. Possibly most of the channel-fill sandstones were derived from the Pottsville (lower and middle? Pennsylvanian) and the Chester rocks that were presumably on the arch. The Coxville Sandstone, first referred to by G. H. Ashley in 1899, is herein proposed as a member at or near the base of the Linton Formation of the Allegheny Series (middle Pennsylvanian) in Indiana. The Palzo Sandstone of Illinois probably is correlative with the Coxville Sandstone Member. The main objectives of this report are (1) to show the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of some of the channel-fill sandstones in the Allegheny Series (middle Pennsylvanian) in Indiana, (2) to show how these sandstones can be recognized by means of a working geometric classification, and (3) to discuss their tectonic relations, genesis, and economic significance. Except for some field descriptions, the petrography of the channel sandstones was not studied. The author collected data on channel sandstones from outcrops and coal-test boreholes while he worked on coal resources studies in parts of Parke, Vermillion, and Vigo Counties from 1953 to 1958 inclusive. Other geologists of the Coal Section provided data from Clay, Knox, Daviess, Pike, Spencer, and Warrick Counties. Although channel-fill sandstones occur in the other coal-bearing counties in Indiana, they have not been studied and thus are not included in this report.Indiana Department of Conservatio

Water Resources Management Plan Arches National Park and Canyonlands National Park

This Water Resources Management Plan describes the water resources of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks and the issues affecting them. This plan provides detailed descriptions of the hydrologic environment in both parks, discussion of management issues developed in two scoping sessions, and management directives in the form of project statements. Typically, a Water Resources Management Plan is preceded by a scoping meeting held at the park. In this case, the Southeast Utah Group of parks (Southeast Utah Group), which includes Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, and Natural Bridges National Monument, held two scoping meetings. The first scoping session, held in May 1996, resulted in the Canyonlands National Park, Arches National Park, and Natural Bridges National Monument Water Resources Scoping Report (Berghoff and Vana-Miller, 1997), and the second scoping meeting, held in September 1997, involved federal, state, and local agencies which helped to refine further the issues developed in the scoping report

Coal Hydrology Bibliography

In compiling this bibliography, Geological Survey publication lists, existing Geological Survey bibliographies, and the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) data base were searched for pertinent Geological Survey publications that contained information relevant to the hydrology of a coal area. The WRSIC abstracts were used unedited as received from the WRSIC data base. Also included are reports of the Energy Mineral Rehabilitation Inventory and Analysis (EMRIA) program, coal leasing environmental impact statements and environmental analysis reports, and Bureau of Land Management land-use planning documents containing information about coal hydrology. Only those documents authored by either the Geological Survey or the Bureau of Land Management are included in this bibliography

Impacts of Energy Development on Utah Water Resources

Introduction: Choosing a theme for a conference especially one for a group of diverse disciplines such as the American Water Resources Association encompasses, is always a challenge. you find yourself torn between thigns you\u27d really like to talk and hear about, and topics you think will draw attendance. It was most fortunate when somebody came up with the idea of Water for Energy, becasue to my way of thinking, it met both of these ends. There is no denying that starting in late 1973, energy has been the catchword, and the energy crisis has been the bandwagon to leap upon. But in Utah, energy is more than potent ad copy. Development of the coal, oil, oil shale, bituminous sands, and geothermal resources within the State can, and perhaps will, turn the state unside down. Whether or not anyone at any level of government will be able to exercise control over evnergy-related events remains to be seen. It is no surprise that energy-development in Utah will be governed by the availability of water. What may be more important is the growing evidence that if the laws and policies of the state regarding allocation of water are not changed, energy development will get all the water it needs (through the free market system(, and agriculture will be the loser. So the energy crisis will become in effect a rural life crisis. Nearly everybody wants to have conomic growth; nearly everybody wants to maintain the environmentl and aesthetics that have made Utah a pleasant place to live. But can we have both? Water is but one aspect of this question, but in Utah it is a cruicial one. The papers that follow discuess technical, economic, social, legal, and political factors associated with water development for evergy in Utah. Hopefully, this material will provide new insights and result in more informed and rational decision-making

Hydraulic Fracturing & Water Stress: Water Demand by the Numbers

This research paper analyzes escalating water demand in hydraulic fracturing operations across the United States and western Canada. It evaluates oil and gas company water use in eight regions with intense shale energy development and the most pronounced water stress challenges. The report also provides recommendations to investors, lenders and shale energy companies for mitigating their exposure to water sourcing risks, including improvement of on-the-ground practices. The research is based on well data available at FracFocus.org and water stress indicator maps developed by the World Resources Institute, where water stress denotes the level of competition for water in a given region

Report on Conference on Western Water Issues, 17-18 May 1979

Over the last few years several potential conflicts have emerged over the manner in which water is put to beneficial use in the western United States. These potential problems have been further heightened by the western drought of 1976-77 and by the recent upsurge of interest in developing western coal and oil-shale resources. The conference on Western Water Issues, held at the California Institute of Technology, 17-18 May 1979, provided a forum for representatives of industry, agriculture, government, environmental groups, research establishments and universities to exchange ideas on the subject. Most of the discussions centered on California and the Colorado River Basin. Specific items discussed included climatic fluctuations and predictability of the basic water supply; existing water law and needed changes; economics of water and the lack of real water markets; pending California state legislation (on the Peripheral Canal in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta area, and on limits to pumping overdrafted ground water basins); water availability for energy resources development; and competing needs by municipalities, industry, and agriculture. As a summary of the conference, this report should be regarded as a source book to clarify the issues and direct the reader to relevant individuals and references

Ecospatial Orientation and American Literature

Place is complex, and it undergirds and influences our fictional and nonfictional narratives in ways we often fail to recognize. In this dissertation, Lowell Wyse argues for a more holistic understanding of place\u27s role in literature while asking what it means to read environmentally€”spatially, ecologically, and historically. Drawing from ecocriticism, which emphasizes the biological world, and geocriticism, which privileges the spatial, Wyse proposes a hybrid ecospatial criticism, with a particular emphasis on the role of maps in reading for place. With individual chapters on the nonfiction of William Least Heat-Moon, John Steinbeck\u27s Salinas Valley fiction, Richard Wright\u27s Native Son, and the central New Mexico novels of Willa Cather, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Ana Castillo, this project demonstrates how maps, travel guides, biographies, and environmental history can contribute to new understandings of literary place(s) on the continental, regional, and local scales. The underlying message of this dissertation is that place matters, both in the world and in the text. To the extent that we fail to understand the cultural, ecological, and spatial dynamics of place, we miss the many significant ways that social and environmental issues overlap. This project thus aligns neatly with the message of the environmental justice movement and the related branch of ecocriticism. It also stands as a corrective to the relative indifference of the ecocritical and geocritical communities to each other\u27s core concerns

Annual Report of the University, 1983-1984, Volumes 1-4

The 1983-84 athletic year could best be characterized as the second vintage year for the women. This was UNM\u27s second complete season under the auspices of the NCAA, and the High Country Athletic Conference, although it was the first year that the Conference had a full time commissioner at the helm. For a second year, the HCAC awarded the High Point Trophy to the school whose teams finished the highest in the eight recognized Conference sports. Again New Mexico was edged out by Brigham Young University for the honors by 4 1/2 points. The women\u27s golf team captured the Conference title, and no other team finished lower than fourth place. Altogether UNM had thirty-eight women athletes selected to be members of their respective All-Conference Teams. Two others were named to their All-Conference Second Team, and three athletes received Honorable Mention