Creating variability through interspecific hybridization and its utilization for genetic improvement in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Interspecific hybridization is important for genetic enhancement of crop plants. The present study was conducted to study genetic variation in advanced interspecific lines of mungbean for yield and its component traits, to determine the association among different traits and their contribution towards seed yield through correlation and path coefficient analysis. A set of 64 genotypes including 51 advanced interspecific lines derived from mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) × urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) × ricebean (Vignaumbellata Thumb.) crosses and 13 parents (mungbean, urdbean and ricebean) was the experimental material for this study. The mean sums of squares for genotypes were highly significant for all the traits. Mean sum of squares for replications were also highly significant for all traits except days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and harvest index at 1 % and 5 % level of significance. This indicated substantial magnitude of diversity and variability in the interspecific lines and parents under study, which could be further exploited. High to moderate PCV and GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance was observed for biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height, indicating that these traits could be easy targets for phenotypic selection and consequently, may be improved genetically via simple plant selection methods. On the basis of correlation studies, it could be concluded that all the traits under investigation except number of seeds per pod and harvest index were important for selection for yield improvement. Path analysis further revealed that harvest index could also be one of the criteria of selection for higher yield in these interspecific lines

Isolation, Characterization and Application of DNA Microsatellite Markers in Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek) and Other Selected Legumes

Mungbean (subgenus Ceratotropis) is an important food source in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia and Southeast Asia. It is an important source of plant protein and calcium, and is a good substitute for meat. Although it is an important crop, little is known about its genetic background. DNA markers, in particular micro satellites, are able to provide insights regarding the genetic structure and background of populations and thus would be of great benefit in mungbean improvement programs. Three techniques were used to isolate micro satellite loci in mungbean, namely direct amplification of length polymorphism (DALP), 5' anchored PCR and random hybridizing micro satellites (RAHM). A total of 107 repeat sequences were identified of which 80% were micro satellite loci and 20% were cryptic simple regions. The majority of micro satellites were found using the 5' anchored PCR procedure which proved to be the most efficient technique in the present study, while DALP did not produce any microsatellite

Qtls Controlling Seed Weight and Days to Flowering in Mungbean [Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek], Their Conservation in Azuki Bean [V. Angularis (Ohwi) Ohwi & Ohashi] and Rice Bean [V. Umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi]

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a socio-economically important legume crop of Asia. Varieties with large seed size and early maturity are preferred in commercial production. In this study, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling seed weight and days to flowering in mungbean. The mapping population comprises 155 F2-derived lines from a cross between Kamphaeng Saen 1 (large-seeded and early flowering) and V4718 (small-seeded and late flowering). The F2 population was analyzed with 67 simple sequence repeat markers. The F2:3 families were evaluated for 100-seed weigh and days to flowering in two years, 2008 (one season) and 2011 (two seasons). Composite interval mapping identified six QTLs for 100-seed weight and 5 QTLs for days to flowering. Three genomic regions harbored QTLs for both seed weight and days to flowering, revealing association between the two traits. Comparison of QTLs for both traits found in this study with those reported in azuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi) and rice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi) revealed that several QTLs are conserved among the three Vigna species

Dissecting Quantitative Trait Loci for Agronomic Traits Responding to Iron Deficeincy in Mungbean [Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Calcareous soil is prevalent in many areas of the world agricultural land causing substantial yield loss of crops. We previously identified two quantitative trait locus (QTL) qIDC3.1 and qIDC2.1 controlling leaf chlorosis in mungbean grown in calcareous soil in two years (2010 and 2011) using visual score and SPAD measurement in a RIL population derived from KPS2 (susceptible) and NM10-12-1 (resistant). The two QTLs together accounted for 50% of the total leaf chlorosis variation and only qIDC3.1 was confirmed, although heritability estimated for the traits was as high as 91.96%. In this study, we detected QTLs associated with days to flowering , plant height, number of pods per plants, number of seeds per pods, and seed yield per plants in the same population grown under the same environment with the aim to identify additional QTLs controlling resistance to calcareous soil in mungbean. Single marker analysis revealed 18 simple sequence repeat markers, while composite interval mapping identified 33 QTLs on six linkage groups (1A, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9) controlling the five agronomic traits. QTL cluster on LG 3 coincided with the position of qIDC3.1, while QTL cluster on LG 2 was not far from qIDC2.1. The results confirmed the importance of qIDC3.1 and qIDC2.1 and revealed four new QTLs for the resistance to calcareous soil

Induced mutations by gamma ray irradiation to Argomulyo soybean (Glycine max) variety

Hanafiah DS, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Yahya S, Wirnas D. 2010. Mutasi induksi irradiasi sinar gamma pada varietas kedelai Argomulyo (Glycine max). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 121-125. Induksi tanaman dengan irradiasi sinar gamma merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik tanaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan irradiasi sinar gamma pada tingkat atau dosis rendah (mutasi mikro). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui respon pemberian tingkat irradiasi mikro sinar gamma pada benih kedelai. Benih kedelai [Glycine max (L) Merr] yang diuji adalah kedelai varietas Argomulyo yang diirradiasi sinar gamma dengan dosis 0 Gray, 50 Gray, 100 Gray, 150 Gray dan 200 Gray. Keragaman yang diperoleh dari setiap peubah amatan yang diperoleh pada generasi M1 dan M2 menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan irradiasi dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yang akhirnya akan mempengaruhi produksi tanaman. Variasi fenotipe pada tanaman kedelai generasi M2 tertinggi rata-rata terjadi pada perlakuan 200 Gray. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa irradiasi sinar gamma pada dosis 200 Gray efektif menyebabkan terjadinya keragaman genetik tanaman. Kata kunci : mutasi induksi, mutasi mikro, irradiasi sinar gamma, kedelai varietas Argomulyo

Genetic variation for phytic acid content in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

AbstractMungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is a short-duration legume crop cultivated for seeds that are rich in protein and carbohydrates. Mungbeans contain phytic acid (PA), an anti-nutritional factor that is the main storage form of organic phosphorus in seeds. It is a strong inhibitor against the absorption of nutrients including iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium in monogastric animals. Genotypes with low phytic acid (lpa) in seed may show increased assimilation of nutrients and be useful in breeding lpa cultivars. The present study was conducted to identify lpa sources, genetic variation, heritability, and association with seed coat color, inorganic phosphorus (IP), and seed size in 102 mungbean genotypes including released varieties, land races, mutants, and wild species grown in two seasons: summer 2011 and rabi 2012. PA and IP in dry seeds were estimated by modified colorimetric method and Chen's modified method, respectively. PA, IP, and 100-seed weight differed significantly in the two seasons. PA content in 102 genotypes ranged from 5.74 to 18.98mgg−1 and 5.85 to 20.02mgg−1 in summer 2011 and rabi 2012, respectively. High heritability was found for PA (0.87 and 0.86) and seed size (0.82 and 0.83) but low heritability for IP (0.61 and 0.60). A negative correlation was found between PA and seed size (r=−0.183 and −0.267). Yellow and green seed coat genotypes contained significantly less PA than black seed coat genotypes. Cluster analysis revealed the distinctness of wild species, land races and cultivated varieties on the basis of PA content. The genotypes YBSM (6.001mgg−1) and JL-781 (6.179mgg−1) showed lowest PA. These lpa sources can be used to develop high-yielding mungbean cultivars with low phytic acid

Genetic Confirmation of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and Mashbean (Vigna mungo) Interspecific Recombinants using Molecular Markers

The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate recombination between mungbean (female) and mashbean (male) interspecific crosses using molecular markers i.e., URP (Universal Rice Primers), RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats). As a first step parental screening was performed and polymorphic markers differentiating parent genotypes were identified. Recombinations were then confirmed through polymorphic DNA markers in many of the hybrids. The NM 2006 × Mash 88 was found to be most successful interspecific cross as many of true recombinants, confirmed by molecular markers, belonged to this cross combination. The SSR markers were more efficient in detecting genetic variability and recombinations with reference to specific chromosomes and particular loci, while SSR (RIS) and RAPD identified variability dispersed throughout the genome. The DNA based marker assisted approach provided evidence for genetic confirmation of mungbean and mashbean interspecific recombinants and escalated the authenticity of selection in mungbean improvement programme

Location effect on heritability estimates of yield traits in mungbean derived from F2 populations

Heritability and genetic advance were estimated in four F2 mungbean populations (Ramzan×ML-5, NM- 92×NM-1919, NM-1919×ML-5 and ML-5×NM-51) at two locations (Peshawar and Swat) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, during 2008. Combined analysis exhibited highly significant differences among the genotypes and locations for pods plant-1, pod length, seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Similarly, genotype-by-location interaction was highly significant for pods plant-1 and 1000-seed weight. Averaged over five parents and four F2 populations, means for clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, pod length, seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight and seed yield plant-1 at Peshawar and Swat were 9.2 vs. 9.8, 28.7 vs. 35.3, 8.5 vs. 8.7 cm, 9.3 vs. 10.0, 50.4 vs. 56.5 g and 7.1 vs. 7.6 g, respectively. Broad-sense heritability estimates in four F2 population of mungbean ranged from 0.22 to 0.70 and 0.34 to 0.58 for clusters plant-1, 0.33 to 0.75 and 0.19 to 0.61 for pods plant-1, 0.19 to 0.74 and 0.45 to 0.68 for pod length, 0.21 to 0.58 and 0.48 to 0.66 for seeds pod-1, 0.34 to 0.63 and 0.58 to 0.89 for 1000-seed weight and 0.15 to 0.64 and 0.45 to 0.61 for seed yield at Peshawar and Swat, respectively. Genetic advance was greater at Swat than at Peshawar. Among the four F2 populations, genetic improvement of yield-associated traits will be more effective in Ramzan×ML-5 and ML-5×NM-51. Moreover, among the parents, ML-5 showed good combination with Ramzan and NM-51

Viral diseases in Vigna species - Impacts, management opportunities and future perspectives: A review

Pulses are the second-largest class of food crops worldwide, with around 1.58million hectares under cultivation. represent. They are also excellent sourcesof protein. The major cultivated Vigna species in India include Blackgram[Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], Cowpea[Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], Moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal]and Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi]. However, theyield of these crops is significantly reduced by viral diseases caused by adiverse range of viral strains. Notable viral diseases affecting Vigna speciesinclude yellow mosaic, cowpea severe mosaic, cowpea yellow mosaic,cowpea aphid-borne mosaic, cowpea golden yellow mosaic, bean commonmosaic, leaf crinkle and leaf curl. The primary challenge in managing theseviral diseases lies in effectively integrating the substantial knowledgeaccumulated, which is essential for developing genotypes with durableresistance to viral infections. Molecular markers and QTL (Quantitative TraitLocus) mapping are valuable tools for identifying genomic regions associatedwith viral disease resistance, aiding future breeding programs. This abstractprovides an overview of each Vigna species, the viral diseases affecting them,and recent advancements in developing resistant genotypes. It also highlightssystematic screening efforts within Vigna germplasm to identify varioussources of viral resistance in Vigna species