394 research outputs found
Made in Occupied Japan
Au Japon, le design industriel apparaĂźt entre 1945 et 1955. Sa genĂšse est constitutive de celle des biens de consommation modernes/occidentalisĂ©s, dont le secteur industriel Ă©clot Ă la fin des annĂ©es 1940. Le processus fondateur sâancre dans lâoccupation de lâarchipel par les forces alliĂ©es. Ă partir de sources dâĂ©poque et des analyses de spĂ©cialistes japonais, lâarticle en Ă©claire les modalitĂ©s, jusquâĂ lâintĂ©gration du mass production system amĂ©ricain comme ressort de la compĂ©titivitĂ© industrielle japonaise au cours des dĂ©cennies suivantes. Pendant lâoccupation, câest sous la direction dâingĂ©nieurs amĂ©ricains, et Ă lâoccasion de la conception de logements destinĂ©s aux troupes dâoccupation aux standards de la middle class amĂ©ricaine, que, non seulement des ingĂ©nieurs japonais se forment aux techniques de pointe du design industriel, mais aussi que lâindustrie japonaise sâinitie Ă la fabrication en grande sĂ©rie standardisĂ©e. DerniĂšre Ă©tape du processus : la constitution dâun marchĂ©, national cette fois, des nouveaux biens de consommation, fruit des campagnes de propagande pour lâamerican way of life. Lâoccupation a rassemblĂ© les conditions du dĂ©collage de lâindustrie du design japonais, et, avec elle, de lâindustrie des biens de consommation « à lâamĂ©ricaine ».Japanese industrial design appeared between 1945 and 1955. Its genesis is linked to that of the modern/Westernized consumer goods, an industrial sector which blossomed in the late 1940s. Its founding process stems from the occupation of the archipelago by the Allied Forces. Based on contemporary sources and analyses by Japanese specialists, this article highlights the steps of that process, up to the integration of the American mass producing system used as the model for Japanese industrial competitiveness over the following decades. During the occupation, Japanese engineers undergo training under the direction of American engineers, as they design housing for occupation troops, which must meet the standards of the American middle-class. These Japanese engineers are trained to the state-of-the-art techniques of industrial design, all the while the Japanese industry starts resorting to large-scale standardized manufacturing. The last stage of the process is the establishment of a market for consumer goods, but a national one this time, a natural outcome of the propaganda campaigns for the American way of life. The occupation offered the right conditions for the Japanese design industry to take off, bringing in its stead the industry of âAmerican-styleâ consumer goods
La Fédération horlogÚre suisse: organe de la Société intercantonale des industries du Jura, des Chambres de commerce, des Bureaux de contrÎle et des Syndicats industriels
La philanthropie entre business et pratiques militaires: Lâaide amĂ©ricaine Ă la Russie soviĂ©tique lors de la famine des annĂ©es 1920
The American Relief Administration operations against famine in Russia in the 1920s are outstanding both by their scope (nearly 10 million people fed daily in August 1922) and by the methods that have been deployed. Based on both American and Russian sources, the paper shows how philanthropy has taken the form of a genuine âbusiness of reliefâ : a combination of managerial methods (organization, profit maximization, no obvious compassion to beneficiaries) and military practices. The ARA grows indeed out of the First World War : not only did the first distributed aid come from American stocks in Europe, but thatâs when its leaders have gained experience and when the methods of managing populations were tested. The article also shows how the ARA was able to protect its independence from the Soviet government, despite attempts by the latter to control it, and suggests that a convergence in methods (permanent mobilization of the population and fascination with Taylorism), may have contributed to the acceptance of the ARA among Soviet leaders. Finally, the article recalls how the rural population received the envoys of the ARA, and how the organization was forced to adapt its activity, relinquishing aspirations of scientific organization to face the devastation of the country.Les opĂ©rations menĂ©es par lâAmerican Relief Administration contre la famine dans la Russie dans les annĂ©es 1920 se distinguent tant par leur ampleur (prĂšs de 10 millions de personnes nourries chaque jour en aoĂ»t 1922) que par les mĂ©thodes qui ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©ployĂ©es. Sâappuyant Ă la fois sur des sources amĂ©ricaines et russes, lâarticle montre comment la philanthropie a ici pris la forme dâun vĂ©ritable « business of relief », combinaison de mĂ©thodes managĂ©riales (organisation, maximisation du profit, absence de compassion manifeste envers les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires) et de pratiques militaires. LâARA est en effet nĂ©e de la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale : non seulement les premiers stocks distribuĂ©s en sont issus, mais câest lĂ que ses dirigeants ont acquis une expĂ©rience et que les mĂ©thodes de gestion des populations ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es. Lâarticle montre Ă©galement comment lâARA a su se mĂ©nager une vĂ©ritable marge dâindĂ©pendance par rapport au pouvoir soviĂ©tique, malgrĂ© les tentatives de celui-ci de le contrĂŽler, et suggĂšre quâune convergence de mĂ©thode, basĂ©e sur la mobilisation permanente de la population et une fascination pour le taylorisme, a pu contribuer Ă lâacceptation de lâARA. Lâarticle rappelle enfin la maniĂšre dont la population des campagnes a reçu les envoyĂ©s de lâARA, et comment celle-ci a adaptĂ© son action, abandonnant certaines aspirations ou mĂ©thodes scientifiques face Ă lâĂ©tat de dĂ©vastation du pays
Huitieme rapport general sur l'activite de la Communaute (mars 1964-fevrier 1965) = Eighth General Report on the Activities of the Community (March 1964 to February 1965)
Les archives du comité directeur du ZEMGOR
RĂ©sumĂ©ConsacrĂ©e au « Zemsko-gorodskoj Komitet » (plus connu sous le nom de Zemgor), cette note de recherche prĂ©sente les archives, non encore inventoriĂ©es, du ComitĂ© directeur de cette organisation de l'Ă©migration russe, fondĂ©e en 1921 Ă l'initiative d'anciens administrateurs locaux de la Russie prĂ©-bolchevique, et consacrĂ©e autant Ă l'aide sociale aux rĂ©fugiĂ©s qu'au dĂ©veloppement de la vie culturelle et Ă©ducative de l'Ă©migration. La prĂ©sentation du contenu de ces archives (conservĂ©es au centre des archives russes de l'universitĂ© de Leeds) s'articule autour des principaux axes d'investigation d'un projet collectif en cours d'Ă©laboration relatif Ă l'histoire du Zemgor dans ses diffĂ©rentes dimensions : en tant qu'institution Ă travers son mode de fonctionnement et les hommes qui l'ont animĂ©e ; dans son action au sein de l'histoire communautaire des Russes en exil ; dans sa portĂ©e comme organisation privĂ©e, tĂ©moin de l'Ă©mergence de la politique humanitaire moderne dans l'Europe de l'entre-deux-guerres.AbstractThe archives of the Zemgor's board of directorsThis research note deals with the Zemsko-gorodskoi Komitet(better known as Zemgor), an organization dealing with Russian emigration founded in 1921 on the initiative of former regional administrative officials from pre-Bolshevik Russia. The purpose of the organization was to assist refugees socially but also to insure the cultural and educational development of the Ă©migrĂ© community. The archives of the Zemgor's board of directors are housed at the Center for Russian Archives of the University of Leeds. They have not been inventoried yet. This presentation of their contents follows the main lines of an ongoing collective research project on several aspects of the history of the Zemgor: the institution, how it worked, who were the men who ran it; its place in the history of the exiled Russian community; its importance as a private institution whose activity attests the emergence of modern human rights policies during the European interwar period. (traduit par Christine COLPART
Huitieme rapport general sur l'activite de la Communaute (mars 1964-fevrier 1965) = Eighth General Report on the Activities of the Community (March 1964 to February 1965)
Recherche transnationale : décentralisation en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre; apprendre des expériences locales et intersectorielles - éducation, eau, santé (rapport final)
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