A New Look at Translation: Teaching tools for language and literature

Does translation have a place in the modern language or literature classroom? This article argues that as long as translation is recognized as a distinct skill rather than a path to language acquisition it can and should play a role in language instruction. The rising popularity of Web-based machine translation (WBMT) sites among students points to a need to help foreign language learners better understand the translation process. Along with a discussion of how instructors can minimize inappropriate use of WBMT, the article provides examples of how translation in the proper context can be used productively to teach both language and literature. It also shows that teachers have much to gain by supporting translation and interpretation as professional options for advanced language learners. Examples are given in Spanish

Large-scale instabilities in a STOVL upwash fountain

The fountain flow created by two underexpanded axisymmetric, turbulent jets impinging on a ground plane was studied through the use of laser-based experimental techniques. Velocity and turbulence data were acquired in the jet and fountain flow regions using laser doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry. Profiles of mean and rms velocities along the jet centreline are presented for nozzle pressure ratios of two, three and four. The unsteady nature of the fountain flow was examined and the presence of large-scale coherent structures identified. A spectral analysis of the fountain flow data was performed using the Welch method. The results have relevance to ongoing studies of the fountain flow using large eddy simulation techniques

Zigzag Decodable Fountain Codes

This paper proposes a fountain coding system which has lower space decoding complexity and lower decoding erasure rate than the Raptor coding systems. The main idea of the proposed fountain code is employing shift and exclusive OR to generate the output packets. This technique is known as the zigzag decodable code, which is efficiently decoded by the zigzag decoder. In other words, we propose a fountain code based on the zigzag decodable code in this paper. Moreover, we analyze the overhead for the received packets, decoding erasure rate, decoding complexity, and asymptotic overhead of the proposed fountain code. As the result, we show that the proposed fountain code outperforms the Raptor codes in terms of the overhead and decoding erasure rate. Simulation results show that the proposed fountain coding system outperforms Raptor coding system in terms of the overhead and the space decoding complexity.Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures, submitted to IEICETransactions, Oct. 201

Fountain Codes with Multiplicatively Repeated Non-Binary LDPC Codes

We study fountain codes transmitted over the binary-input symmetric-output channel. For channels with small capacity, receivers needs to collects many channel outputs to recover information bits. Since a collected channel output yields a check node in the decoding Tanner graph, the channel with small capacity leads to large decoding complexity. In this paper, we introduce a novel fountain coding scheme with non-binary LDPC codes. The decoding complexity of the proposed fountain code does not depend on the channel. Numerical experiments show that the proposed codes exhibit better performance than conventional fountain codes, especially for small number of information bits.Comment: To appear in Proc. 6th International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Iterative Information Processin

Growth and Shape of a Chain Fountain

If a long chain is held in a pot elevated a distance h_1 above the floor, and the end of the chain is then dragged over the rim of the pot and released, the chain flows under gravity down into a pile on the floor. Not only does the chain flow out of the pot, it also leaps above the pot in a "chain-fountain". I predict and observe that if the pot is held at an angle to the vertical the steady state shape of the fountain is an inverted catenary, and discuss how to apply boundary conditions to this solution. In the case of a level pot, the fountain shape is completely vertical. In this case I predict and observe both how fast the fountain grows to its steady state hight, and how it grows quadratically in time if there is no floor. The fountain is driven by an anomalous push force from the pot that acts on the link of chain about to come into motion. I confirm this by designing two new chains, one consisting of hollow cylinders threaded on a string and one consisting of heavy beads separated by long flexible threads. The former is predicted to produce a pot-push and hence a fountain, while the latter will not. I confirm these predictions experimentally. Finally I directly observe the anomalous push in a horizontal chain-pick up experiment.Comment: 6 pages 7 figures and one movi

On turbulent particle fountains

We describe new experiments in which particle-laden turbulent fountains with source Froude numbers 20>Fr_{0}>6 are produced when particle-laden fresh water is injected upwards into a reservoir filled with fresh water. We find that the ratio $U$ of the particle fall speed to the characteristic speed of the fountain determines whether the flow is analogous to a single-phase fountain ($U\ll 1$) or becomes a fully separated flow ($U\geqslant 1$). In the single-phase limit, a fountain with momentum flux $M$ and buoyancy flux $B$ oscillates about the mean height, $h_{m}=(1.56\pm 0.04)M^{3/4}B^{-1/2}$, as fluid periodically cascades from the maximum height, $h_{t}=h_{m}+{\rm\Delta}h$, to the base of the tank. Experimental measurements of the speed $u$ and radius $r$ of the fountain at the mean height $h_{m}$, combined with the conservation of buoyancy, suggest that $Fr(h_{m})=u(g^{\prime }r)^{-1/2}\approx 1$. Using these values, we find that the classical scaling for the frequency of the oscillations, ${\it\omega}\sim BM^{-1}$, is equivalent to the scaling $u(h_{m})/r(h_{m})$ for a fountain supplied at $z=h_{m}$ with $Fr=1$ (Burridge &amp; Hunt, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 728, 2013, pp. 91–119). This suggests that the oscillations are controlled in the upper part of the fountain where $Fr\leqslant 1$, and that they may be understood in terms of a balance between the upward supply of a growing dense particle cloud, at the height where $Fr=1$, and the downward flow of this cloud. In contrast, in the separated flow regime, we find that particles do not reach the height at which $Fr=1$: instead, they are transported to the level at which the upward speed of the fountain fluid equals their fall speed. The particles then continuously sediment while the particle-free fountain fluid continues to rise slowly above the height of particle fallout, carried by its momentum.</jats:p