Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health:Report on an Assessment and Review of Training Materials

Young people in Tanzania face a range of serious reproductive health risks – from early unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. These reproductive health problems do not only have an immediate impact on the lives and well being of young people, but also contribute to long-term pattern of high fertility, poverty, dependency and poor socio-economic development. In recognition of the extent of adolescent health problems, the Government of Tanzania has initiated an effort to address young people’s needs for reproductive health information, counseling and services. To guide improved adolescent sexual and reproductive health programming, the Reproductive and Child Health Section (RCHS) of the Ministry of Health, with technical assistance from Family Care International (FCI) and financial assistance from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), launched an effort to assess and review training curricula and related resource materials that are available in Ta nzania and internationally. Specific objectives of the Assessment were: To provide an overview of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) training curricula that is available in Tanzania and at the international level. To identify priorities for curriculum development in Tanzania. To recommend training materials that could be used as models for developing national training curricula for various target audiences. Through interviews with key ASRH stakeholders in Tanzania and literature reviews, a \ud range of training materials were identified and reviewed. Materials were analyzed by target user and audience as well as by content and depth of coverage. The Assessment and Review served to illuminate critical ASRH issues that need to be addressed through training programmes for those working with youth. In addition, the Assessment highlighted key gaps in available curricula. Based on the Assessment findings, priorities for curriculum development include. An in-service training curriculum for orienting health service providers. The Assessment revealed that there are few materials for orienting service providers to youth friendly service delivery. Therefore, a standardized curriculum is needed to guide in-service training of facility-based health staff, as well as school-based health workers, outreach workers, lay counselors and other community-based providers in adolescent sexual and reproductive health counseling and service delivery. A comprehensive peer education training manual. Many organizations working with peer educators have developed training curricula, and there is considerable variety in the content and quality of these resources. To ensure the content and quality of peer education programmes for youth, it is recommended that a comprehensive peer education manual be developed, which could be used for training various types of peer educators and youth counselors (i.e. those working with in-school adolescents, those working with out-of-school adolescents, etc). Curricula and teaching aids for primary and secondary schools. Although the Ministry of Education and Culture has begun developing syllabi to guide implementation of the Family Life Education Programme in primary and secondary schools, teachers need more detailed curricula, reference materials and teaching aids to successfully carry out this important education programme. In developing the above curricula, it is recommended that special emphasis be placed on designing training resources comprised of separate training modules – modules that can be used either separately or together, depending on the specific training needs of various audiences. For example, the curriculum for service providers should include separate modules on adolescent sexual and reproductive health, information and counseling, and service provision to young people. While all tree modules would be used in training service providers, select modules could be used to train lay counselors and outreach workers. Similarly, the comprehensive training manual for peer educators should include separate modules on topics, such as adolescent sexual and reproductive health, facilitation and peer education skills, and working with different target audiences – in school adolescents, out-of-school youth, and parents and other adults – to ensure that peer education programmes could use the specific modules that are appropriate to their outreach efforts.The Assessment revealed that a large number of training curricula and related materials exist to support adolescent sexual and reproductive health initiatives in Tanzania. Although none of these resources is precisely suited to meet the above-mentioned gaps,many of the existing materials contain excellent content, which should be used as the basis for developing standardized national curricula

2021 annual report

This annual report gives information on its network, focus, care team, volunteers and events of the year

Shared Care, Elder and Family Member Skills Used to Manage Burden

Aim. The aim of this paper is to further develop the construct of Shared Care by comparing and contrasting it to related research, and to show how the construct can be used to guide research and practice. Background. While researchers have identified negative outcomes for family caregivers caused by providing care, less is known about positive aspects of family care for both members of a family dyad. Understanding family care relationships is important to nurses because family participation in the care of chronically ill elders is necessary to achieve optimal outcomes from nursing interventions. A previous naturalistic inquiry identified a new construct, Shared Care, which was used to describe a family care interaction that contributed to positive care outcomes. Methods. A literature review was carried out using the databases Medline, CINAHL, and Psych-info and the keywords home care, care receiver, disability, family, communication, decision-making and reciprocity. The results of the review were integrated to suggest how Shared Care could be used to study care difficulties and guide interventions. Results. The literature confirmed the importance of dyad relationships in family care. Shared Care extended previous conceptualizations of family care by capturing three critical components: communication, decision-making, and reciprocity. Shared Care provides a structure to expand the conceptualization of family care to include both members of a care dyad and account for positive and negative aspects of care. Conclusions. The extended view provided by the construct of Shared Care offers practitioners and scholars tools to use in the context of our ageing population to improve the effectiveness of family care relationships

The LaGuardia - Red Hook Caregiver

Vol. II, No. 3; This document was produced as a result of a training and development project for staff in the social services system through a contractual agreement between the New York State Department of Social Services and the Research Foundation of the City University of New York on behalf of La Guardia Community College. No date, library receipt, 13 September 1979

The Challenges and Strategies to Improve Family-centered Round: a Literature Review

The importance of family-centered care and the role of families in decision making are becoming more recognized today. Several studies have supported the implementation of family-centered care and its role in enhancing quality of care. Family-centered rounds are one of family centered model of care that brings together multidisciplinary team as well as family to discuss the patient's condition and care management, coordinate the patient's care management, and make decisions on care plan for the patient (Sisterhen et al., 2007, Aronson et al., 2009). As part of innovations to enhance family-centered care, family-centered rounds have been adopted and implemented in many hospitals. This model of rounds is popular and widely applied in the neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit (Aronson et al., 2009, Kleiber et al., 2006, Mittal et al., 2010). However, other units have also begun to implement it (Schiller and Anderson, 2003, Mangram et al., 2005). The benefits of family-centered rounds have been presented in several studies. They reported that family-centered rounds have been improved communication between staff and family members (Mittal et al., 2010, Jacobowski et al., 2010, Rosen et al., 2009, Vazirani et al., 2005), understanding of the patient's care plan (Rosen et al., 2009), staff and family satisfaction (Rappaport et al., 2010, Rosen et al., 2009); and decreased need for care plan clarification (Rosen et al., 2009)

Shared Care Dyadic Intervention: Outcome Patterns for Heart Failure Care Partners

Up to half of heart failure (HF) patients are readmitted to hospitals within 6 months of discharge. Many readmissions are linked to inadequate self-care or family support. To improve care, practitioners may need to intervene with both the HF patient and family caregiver. Despite the recognition that family interventions improve patient outcomes, there is a lack of evidence to support dyadic interventions in HF. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the Shared Care Dyadic Intervention (SCDI) designed to improve self-care in HF. The theoretical base of the SCDI was a construct called Shared Care. Shared Care represents a system of processes used in family care to exchange support. Key findings were as follows: the SCDI was acceptable to both care partners and the data supported improved shared care for both. For the patient, there were improvements in self-care. For the caregivers, there were improvements in relationship quality and health

Changing home care aides: Differences between family and non-family care in California Medicaid home and community-based services.

In California Medicaid home-and-community-based services (HCBS), recipients' family members receive payment as home care aides (HCAs). We analyzed data on first-time HCBS recipients to examine factors associated with the likelihood of switching HCAs within the first year of services. Those with family HCAs were less than half as likely to change than those with non-family HCAs and racial/ethnic minorities with non-family HCAs had the highest switching rates. Lower wages and local unemployment were associated with switching of non-family HCAs but not family HCAs. Policymakers can foster continuity of home care by paying family members for home care and raising worker wages

Family Caregiving to the Older Population: Background, Federal Programs, and Issues for Congress

[Excerpt] Family caregiving to older individuals in need of long-term care encompasses a wide range of activities, services, and supports. Caregiving can include assistance with personal care needs, such as bathing, dressing, and eating, as well as other activities necessary for independent living, such as shopping, medication management, and meal preparation. In addition, family caregivers may arrange, supervise, or pay for formal or paid care to be provided to the care recipient. Family caregivers fulfill the majority of the need for long-term care by older persons with chronic disabilities in the United States. As a result of increases in life expectancy, as well as the aging of the baby-boom generation, demand for family caregiving to the older population is likely to increase. However, demographic trends such as reduced fertility, increased divorce rates, and greater labor force participation among women may limit the number of available caregivers to older individuals, as well as the capacity for caregivers to provide needed care. Although many family caregivers find caregiving for an older family member a rewarding experience, other life circumstances, in addition to caregiving, may increase caregiver stress. For example, family members may not live in close proximity to the care recipient, they may face the competing demands of child care and elder care, and they may have to manage work with caregiving responsibilities. As a result, family caregiving can lead to emotional and physical strain and financial hardship. These effects are more likely to be felt among those caring for persons with high levels of disability or cognitive impairment. Caregiver stress has been linked to nursing home admission for the care recipient, thus interventions that can reduce stress may also reduce nursing home placement. Recognizing family caregivers as an important part of the nation\u27s long-term care delivery system, the federal government has established programs and initiatives that provide direct supports to caregivers, such as respite care, education and training, tax relief, and cash assistance. These benefits are targeted at family caregivers to reduce stress and financial hardship, and to improve caregiving skills, among other things. Other federal programs and initiatives provide home- and community-based long-term care services and supports to the care recipient. These programs can indirectly benefit caregivers in relieving caregiver burden by either supplementing the informal care they are providing or substituting with paid support. Three sets of policies that would provide direct assistance to family caregivers to older adults are briefly discussed in the last section of this report. These policy issues, which have been the subject of discussion among federal policymakers and other interested stakeholders, include the following: caregiver services and supports, flexible workplace accommodations and income security, and additional tax credits. This report will be updated as warranted

Approaching the end of life and dying with dementia in care homes : the accounts of family carers.

Research into end of life and dying with dementia in care homes from the family carer's perspective is limited. From the available evidence, it appears that family carers find themselves in an unfamiliar situation about which they lack knowledge and experience. Whilst dementia tends not to be acknowledged as a terminal illness by many family carers, they are expected to make end of life decisions on behalf of their relatives. Family carer decision-making is underpinned by values of quality of life, previously expressed wishes, comfort provision and dignity preservation. This is often approached when family carers are grieving for the anticipated loss of their relative and have their own personal needs that require to be addressed. Within a care home setting, a curative care–palliative care split is unhelpful in resolving these tensions and a model of comprehensive care appears a more appropriate approach. This requires ongoing communication between the person with dementia, family members and professionals from the early stages of the condition