Analisis Performa Kampas Rem Rekayasa Ramah Lingkungan: Peran Phenol Formaldehyde dan Aditif Biokomposit

The issue of environmental damage is increasingly becoming a concern of the global community, including in the automotive industry. The use of environmentally friendly materials and the reduction of dependence on mineral-based or synthetic materials have become challenges that need to be overcome. Brake pads, as one of the components that have a vital role in a motor vehicle, are generally made of heavy metal materials, asbestos, and synthetic resins that can pollute the environment during the production process. The use of environmentally friendly raw materials such as wood powder, cocopeat and coconut shell carbon is an alternative in the brake pad production process. This study aims to analyze the performance of brake pads made of phenol formaldehyde with the addition of environmentally friendly biocomposites in the form of wood powder, cocopeat and coconut shell carbon. The method used is an experimental laboratory designed to evaluate the friction coefficient, wear rate, and microstructure of materials through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results of the study show that this biocomposite brake pad has good wear resistance at high temperatures, especially with the carbon content of coconut shells which helps improve thermal stability. However, the value of the friction coefficient of brake pads still does not meet the minimum standard set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 09-0143-1987, which indicates that this material is not yet fully feasible for automotive applications with high friction demands. Further research is needed to optimize the composition of materials, especially in increasing the friction coefficient to match industry standards

Production of Eco-Friendly Brake Pad Using Raw Materials Sourced Locally In Nsukka

In this study, high quality asbestos free bake pad was produced from locally sourced raw materials. The disc brake friction lining with geometrical specification of Mitshibushi L-300 was produced using palm kernel shell and coconut shell powder as base material, polyester resin as binder material, graphite as lubricant, metal chips and carbides as the abrasives. A commercially bought brake pad served as control. Three different samples were produced by varying mass compositions of palm kernel shell and coconut shell. Sample A has equal mass of palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CNS). Sample B has higher mass of PKS (83.03%) and lower mass of CNS (12.68%) while Sample C has lower mass of PKS (14.79%) and higher mass of CNS (35.92%). A constant pressure of 16.75kN/m2 and particle size of 0.63um were used for all samples. The binder, lubricant and abrasive composition were kept constant. The test result showed that the coefficient of friction (static and dynamic) for samples A, B and C were (0.374, 0351), (0.383, 0354) and (0.362, 0.349) while the commercial pad was (0.388, 0.359). Percentage water absorption for samples A, B and C were 0.0522, 0.0399 and 0.0470 while the commercial pad was 0.0327.  The hardness test results for sample A, B and C gave 3.3, 3.41 and 3.0 while the commercial pad was 2.53. The wear rate test gave 0.00366g/sec, 0.00456g/sec, 0.00334g/sec, 0.00312g/sec for samples A, B, C and commercial pad respectively. All the samples were tested under the same conditions . Sample C has a promising potential since it had a moderate water absorption, wear rate and hardness but had the least coefficient of friction. Keywords: Brake Pad, Palm Kermel Shell, Coconut Shell, Resin,

Overview of the important factors influencing the performance of eco-friendly brake pads

The braking system is a crucial element in automotive safety. In order for the braking mechanism to function effectively, the brake pads’ durability as well as quality are crucial aspects to take into account. A brake pad is a part of a vehicle that holds the wheel rotation so that braking can occur. Asbestos, which is harmful to human health, is a raw material that is recently being widely used as a material mixture for the manufacturing of brake pads. Many efforts have been made by researchers to find other natural alternative materials to replace the use of asbestos. Natural materials that have received much attention and research include coconut fiber, wood powder or flour, bamboo fiber, shell powder, etc. This review paper focuses on analyzing the main parameters that affect brake pad performance. The composition of filler and fiber types of reinforcement for polymer composites is discussed. Previous studies’ information on the fabrication and testing of brake pads are also highlighted. Furthermore, the findings of this review can provide researchers and academicians with useful information and points to consider for further research

Review of brake friction materials for future development

Braking system in an automobile is always considered to be important for the designers. The main function of a braking system is to overcome vehicle’s momentum and stop the vehicle by means of friction. Now days, with the increase of innovative technology and by varying design procedures, newly designed automobiles with high speed sprung on to the market, which are throwing prime challenges for the braking system designers to control the speed of the vehicle. After the gradual phasing out of asbestos as a braking material in many parts of the world, due to its widespread complaints as a carcinogenic material, automobile brake friction industry and people are looking for suitable alternatives to replace asbestos material. There is need to develop new friction materials to meet the stringent requirements of customers, such as effective braking performance and less squealing action

Opportunities and challenges in the sustainable integration of natural fibers and particles in friction materials for eco-friendly brake pads

The high concentration of metallic components in the pad composite improves breaking ability at elevated temperatures and frequencies, bolstering the automobile's braking system. The brake pad operates through friction mechanisms, generating PM 10 and PM 2.5 particulate matter that is emitted into the atmosphere, adversely affecting the well-being of humans and animals. Therefore, eco-friendly materials like natural fiber and organic particles are being used as substitutes for the metal in brake pads. However, natural fibers and particles exhibit unique characteristics when interacting with other materials, presenting significant challenges in brake pad composites such as variations in physical properties, limited thermal resistance, and potential degradation at high temperatures and humid environments. These aspects play a crucial role and can affect the structural strength, wear resistance, and overall performance of composite brake pads, especially when operating under extreme braking conditions. This paper review critically discusses automotive braking systems, the benefits of non-natural fiber brake pads, the process of particle emission formation, the components and manufacturing factors of composite brake pads, and the environmentally friendly qualities of brake pads. This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of the presence of natural fibers and organic particles in composite brake pads, which greatly improves the performance of automotive brake systems because they have super physical and mechanical properties, as well as great tribological and thermal endurance. Moreover, eco-friendly brake pads are typically biodegradable, which helps reduce ecological damage, minimize health concerns for humans and animals, and promote a sustainable automobile sector. Furthermore, eco-friendly brake pads show great potential for further advancement in reducing pollutant emissions and enhancing performance

ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCING FACTORS ON BRAKE WEAR AND NON-EXHAUST EMISSION WITH REFERENCE TO APPLIED MATERIALS IN BRAKE PADS

Wear of the elements of the brake friction pair and particle emission caused by the operation of the brakes (non-exhaust emissions) is one of the biggest polluters of the environment from traffic and a problem that needs to be solved in the coming period. The brake pads are made of a mixture of different materials that ensure the longevity and efficiency of the brake system. The applied materials have different wear intensities in certain operating conditions, but wear is influenced by different factors that have been analyzed by other authors in their research. An overview of materials in brake pads, as well as their influence on wear and non-exhaust emission based on modern research is performed in this paper

Research, development and testing of brake pad materials from biomass-based nanocomposites.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban.Many variables affect braking systems in the automotive industry, including component geometry, brake materials, component interactions, and various operating conditions. The current research trend in the automotive industry is to use waste as raw material for nanocomposite materials in automobile applications. A novel bio-based hybrid nanocomposite (BHN) brake pad has been developed and investigated to serve as a functional replacement for metallic, ceramic, and hazardous asbestos-based brake pad materials. Carbon-based nanocomposites such as carbon nanospheres, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanosheets, and carbon nanofibers, etc., have attracted wide attention from researchers since their discovery. Carbon nanospheres (CNSs) are among the novel carbon nanostructures distinguished for their potential use in many areas, for instance lithium-ion batteries, electrodes in super capacitors, different parts of automobiles and adsorbents. In this study, CNSs were synthesized from palm kernel fiber (PKF) activated carbon using a simple physical activation method under CO2. The BHN consisted of a matrix of carbon nanomaterials from PKF which acted as the filler material, epoxy resin which acted as the binder material, together at a nanoscale to produce brake pad. The temperature effect on synthesized nanomaterials was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM results showed the highest purity, and the largest number of CNSs were formed at a synthesis temperature of 1000 °C. The tribological properties of BHN brake pads were studied and compared with conventional (CON) brake pad material. The BHN brake pads exhibited low wear rate compared to the CON brake pads, while the coefficient of friction (COF) of the BHN brake pad samples (0.3 to 0.5) were within the SAE J661 CODE standard. The results showed that the brake pad performance differed with each pad formulation. The BHN brake pad material had excellent performance in most of the analyses when compared to the CON brake pad material. The mechanical properties of the BHN brake pad such as compressive strength, compressive modulus, hardness and impact strength were tested. The nanocomposite material showed a higher impact strength and compressive strength compared to the (CON) brake pads. The hardness of the material of the two brake pads was statistically akin. Furthermore, the performance of oil and water absorption, thermal stability as well as degradation of the BHN brake pad were determined. The results showed that the BHN brake pad material had low oil absorption rate and low moisture water absorption rate. The BHN brake pad showed thermal stability within the range 300 °C to 400 °C, which are within the standard temperature range. Result from SEM analysis carried out on the worn surfaces of the BHN brake pads reveals a tougher structure than SEM of the worn surfaces of the CON brake pads. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results showed that at a temperature between 55 °C and 105 °C, the magnitude of BHN was higher due to the loss modulus supremacy over the storage modulus. In addition, in the temperature range 105 °C to 190 °C, the storage modulus and the loss modulus was as low as that of the CON, and the BHN magnitude reduced. Excellent mechanical and tribological properties of BHN brake pad was achieved at 0.3 % CNS

Application of Taguchi Methods and Regression Analysis to Optimize Process Parameters and Reinforcements for Maximizing Composite’s Coefficient of Friction for Brake Disc Application: A Statistical Optimization Approach

for Al-CA-PB composites, with a focus on optimizing the coefficient of friction of the composite for brake disc production. The pumice, coal ash, and aluminum alloy were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Taguchi method was employed to design the experimental runs and to identify optimal process parameters and reinforcements for maximizing the composite\u27s coefficient of friction. At the same time, regression analysis was utilized to establish a robust mathematical model for predicting the composite\u27s coefficient of friction based on the process variables. The XRF characterization results revealed that aluminum alloy contained Al, Si, and Mg as the major elements. The analysis also shows that the predominant constituents in coal ash were Si, Al, Fe, Ti, and Ca, whereas that of brown pumice particulates were Si, Fe, Al, Ca, K, and Ti. The XRD characterization analysis revealed that brown pumice and coal ash consist of SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 as the major phases, making them well-suited as reinforcement in metal matrixes. According to the thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, the aluminum alloy, brown pumice, and coal ash have an onset temperature of 264.08, 724 °C, and 606.61°C, respectively, before deterioration. The optimal composite\u27s coefficient of friction of 0.661 (experimental) was achieved at 2.5vol% of brown pumice, 10 vol% of coal ash, 400 rpm stirrer speed, 700 °C pouring temperature, and 15 minutes stirring duration. The developed mathematical model shows an excellent level of coefficient of friction prediction, with an R-squared value of 99.42%, 97.82%, and 76.40% for R-square, adjusted R-square, and predicted R-square, respectively

Dielectric materials development using bio-waste: A review

The increasing global demand for food due to population expansion has led to the intensifcation of the agricultural sector. However, this escalation in agricultural production has brought together undesirable consequences as more waste is produced, leading to growing environmental concerns as proper disposal of these wastes is necessary. Valorization of these bio-wastes into dielectric materials ofers a promising solution to conventional, non-renewable, yet costly materials. Comprehensive documentation on the development of these wastes into dielectric materials is then necessary to understand their dielectric properties and how these materials behave with the treatments during the fabrication process. This review focuses on the stateof-the-art development of dielectric materials derived from bio-wastes and agricultural waste, which are benefcial for waste management and materials engineering applications. The elemental composition of the waste materials is also discussed in this review to understand its relationship with the dielectric constant. Moreover, the fabrication process for several waste materials into dielectric materials has been provided and compared. This review provides comprehensive information on green materials in the materials engineering industries and can assist in novel studies. It is foreseen that bio-wastes and agricultural wastes can be renewable, sustainable, and low-cost resources for deriving dielectric materials in light of their ease of accessibility

Proceeding of the 3rd National Research Symposium

ASTU’s development into a full-fledged science and technology university has helped it to forge strong linkage, coopration, and partnership with various national and international universities, development sectors, stake-holders, and relevant personalities. To showcase its all-round efforts, ASTU has organized its third national research symposium titled “Emerging Technologies for Building Green Economy”. This is a timely and broad agenda that is seen as a part of the national plan of transformation of the country. Thus, this research symposium aims to further strengthen the contribution of ASTU in development endeavours of the country at large