The correlation between Nazi ideology, and radical Islamist theology in jurisprudential thought

The Nuremberg Trials were a sequence of trials during 1945 – 1949. In the course of these trials, 24 key Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against humanity. In defence, the Nazi leaders argued that they had simply followed orders of a superior and made decisions in accordance with the framework of their own legal system; this defence is labelled the ‘superior orders defence’. This defence was denied. Interestingly, as an illustration of radical Islam, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) demonstrate this radical ideology. A study between these two ideologies brings to light many similarities in their philosophical worldview. This could be identified as the ‘Triad of Similarity’. The Triad consists of the following categories: the Superior, the Exemplar and the Source (SES). To the Nazis, the Superior and Exemplar was Adolf Hitler whilst the Source for which their philosophical perspective was derived was from the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. However, it has been said that the Nazis had misinterpreted Nietzsche’s philosophy and claimed that he was an anti-Semite, thereby justifying and building upon this philosophical foundation to further their agenda. This falsification made Nietzsche’s philosophy attractive to the fascist ideology. In comparison, the Superior for radical Islam is Allah, the Exemplar is Mouhammad and the Source of their philosophical (and theological) perspective is from the Quran, Hadiths (a collection of traditions containing sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) and tafsirs (Quranic commentary). This paper endeavours to identify the similarities between the philosophical ideologies between the Nazis and radical Islam and to identify the sources used to derive these principles. As a disclaimer, this paper does not imply nor assert that the actions of the Nazis and radical Islamic militants are justified. Nor does it assert or imply that the use of their sources was appropriately used without misrepresentation. Rather, this paper looks to give a descriptive account of the sources. Whether these sources are authentic, misused or reliable is not the topic of discussion. Rather, this paper seeks to inform the audience of the sources to which their ideologies derive to gain a deeper understanding for their justification

Educational aims and policies of three Arab countries with socialist political options: a problem solving approach.

The Topic of this research is an enquiry into the field of values and the policies related to them, in the context of Arab education. The objective is to contribute to ALESCO's research in the field of philosophy of Arab education and the practical problems related to it. The approach is the Holmesian "problem solving". The study focuses on some "Socialist" Arab countries. Structurally, the study is comprised of seven chapters. The first five chapters deal with the "problem" as an object of analysis in its multidimensionality. The first chapter is an identification of a "confusion" within the context of Arab education. The second chapter is an attempt to define, "technically", the problem. The third chapter consists of the historical background; a further clarification of the problem. The fourth chapter is a "rational construct", a sociological tool intended to approach the "national character" of the three countries selected for study. The fifth chapter is a focussing of the scope of the research, for practical and methodological reasons, on the "Socialist Arab States". The sixth chapter consists of an analysis, in the light of a Socialist theory of social change, of the present educational policies in Algeria, Libya and Syria. As hypotheses these policies are exposed to refutation in the light of a specific national and international context. Predictions are made and an alternative “Islamic” theory of social change is suggested. The seventh chapter is a set of alternative policy proposals. The conclusion is a summing up of the findings of the different chapters

Sir Richard Burton: a study of his literary works relating to the Arab world and Islam

This thesis is concerned with a critical analysis from a Moslem's point of view of Sir Richard Burton's works relating to the Arab World and Islam. The research will attempt to establish the merits and shortcomings of Burton's works in the light of the proposed research. It will, however, at the same time attempt to establish from internal evidence the extent and nature of Burton's knowledge of both Arabic and Islam. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, each of which deals with one or more of Burton's works. Chapter one deals with Burton's pilgrimage to Mecca and El-Medinah. Chapter two deals with the collection of proverbs "Proverbia Communia Syriaca." Chapter three covers Burton's Kasidah and discusses his interest in Sufism and spiritualism. Chapter four concentrates on his translation of The Arabian Nights paying particular attention to the annotations and "Terminal Essay." Chapter five deals with The Perfumed Garden and tries to make a comparison between Burton's translation and its Arabic original in order to estimate to what extent could Burton's Garden be taken as a representative of the original. Chapter six deals with Burton's three essays The Jew, The Gypsy and El-Islam. This chapter concentrates on Burton's religious loyalty and also points out the true reasons behind writing these essays. Chapter seven touches upon almost all his other works and translations. It attempts to establish and prove the fact that the study of the grabs and Islam and the interest in them was a life-long obsession with Burton rather than a temporary occupation. The conclusion attempts to put together the findings of all the other chapters. However, it will concentrate on pointing out where did really Burton's religious and racial loyalties lie as well as give a brief and concluding comment of the nature and extent of his knowledge of both the Arabic language and Islam. The eight appendixes that follow the research include technical data ranging from Burton's background reading to the listing of topics he studied or referred to in the Moslem religion

Arab-Islamic and folk health models: new perspectives on Syrian refugee resettlement in the US.

This research builds upon the framework of the Health Traditions Model (HTM) as described in 1994 by Rachel Spector, a scholar and practitioner of a cultural care model of health among multicultural populations. I integrate this model into a study of Syrian refugees’ resettlement experience in Louisville, Kentucky. Syrian refugees’ voices and narratives of their corresponding Arab-Islamic and folk approaches to health, illness, and healing are the launch site for this project. I argue that approaching the resettlement experience from the refugees’ own cultural and Arab-Islamic perspectives toward health, illness, and healing aids in achieving a pluralistic health care system and also has the capacity to start a new trend in studying refugees’ resettlement experiences. This trend would distance itself from the standard approaches to refugees encompassing mostly negative mental health outcomes and psychic disorders such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide. An abductive methodology is adopted in this study which came up with new findings. Data analysis and interpretation revealed fundamental concepts related to various aspects: the existence of Arab/Islamic and folk health beliefs and practices in the daily lives of Syrian refugees, the positive impact of these practices and beliefs on their lives post-resettlement, and the problems these refugees encounter in the US biomedical health care system as they try to retain their health beliefs and practices. This study allowed Syrian refugees the opportunity to voice their personal experiences of dealing with health and illness upon resettlement in the US, and it revealed health-related issues that inspire and illuminate a process that can guide health care delivery and refugee resettlement research

The Abode of Water: Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9th Through 14th Centuries

This dissertation traces the role of Persian travelers and physicians in the maritime exchange of medical goods and knowledge between Iran and China between the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and the afterlife of that exchange in modern museums. The Maritime Silk Road was a cosmopolitan network of premodern trade arteries linking the Far East and Southeast Asia to the Middle East by sea. The long-standing cultural and economic exchange across these thoroughfares dramatically expanded the pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal recipes available to physicians practicing across the littorals of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea and facilitated the intellectual engagement of scholars with medical theories from afar. Drawing from an archive of shipwreck artifacts that includes medical goods, herbs, trade wares, and the personal effects of seafarers interpreted alongside written accounts of sea travel, medical and philosophical texts, tomb inscriptions, and architecture in port cities, this dissertation explores how the maritime journey of Persian travelers to China influenced the epistemology and practice of Persian medicine. The first chapter addresses the current state of Southeast Asian shipwreck archaeology and traces the trajectories of medical, scientific, and related shipwreck and navigational artifacts within Western museum collections. Chapter two introduces the historical context in which Persian merchants moved in Middle Period China and initiates a discussion of hybridity and resilience. The burning and reconstruction of the Hangzhou Phoenix mosque provides the narrative frame in which repeated outbreaks of violence in Tang and Song port cities are discussed as an analog to theories of the body and disease. Migration, hybridization, and medical collecting are examined as social and medical practices of resilience. The chapter uses archaeological evidence from port cities and the Belitung shipwreck with a narrative account of the massacre of foreign merchants in Guangzhou to situate the early maritime migration of Persian merchants to China within the changing tides of the Tang and Song periods. The third chapter analyzes the maritime trade routes as sites of spiritual and physical risk, humoral vulnerability, and initiation by examining Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Islamic cosmologies of water and migration evident in religious rituals, medical instructions for seafarers, and the personal effects and crew supplies recovered from the Belitung, Intan, Java Sea, and Pulau Buaya wrecks. These materials are interpreted in light of reflections on the maritime life by travelers who survived the journey to China, leaving behind a ninth-century artistic depiction of a shipwreck, a narrative account, and inscriptions on the tombstones of merchants. Chapter four analyzes the medicines and medical material culture recovered from the Beliting, Java Sea, Intan, Pulau Buaya, and Quanzhou wreck sites within the framework of Persian humoral medicine. The final chapter examines the Tansūqnāma, a fourteenth-century Persian translation of Chinese medical texts, in light of the longue durée of medical exchange between China and Iran and changes to social hierarchies throughout the Mongol Empire that drastically changed the position of Persian merchants in China.PHDAnthropology and HistoryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163150/1/arespess_1.pd

Online Bibliography of Chadic and Hausa Linguistics

The Online Bibliography of Chadic and Hausa Linguistics (OBCHL), henceforth the ‘biblio’, is an updated, expanded, and corrected edition of the bibliography published some fifteen years ago by Rüdiger Köppe Verlag (Newman 1996). That biblio was built on valuable earlier works including Hair (1967), Newman (1971), Baldi (1977), R. M. Newman (1979), Awde (1988), and Barreteau (1993). The ensuing years have witnessed an outpouring of new publications on Chadic and Hausa, written by scholars from around the globe, thereby creating the need for a new, up-to-date bibliography. Data gathered for this online edition, which was compiled using EndNote, an excellent and easy to use bibliographic database program, have come from my own library and internet searches as well as from a variety of published sources. Particularly valuable have been the reviews of the earlier bibliography, most notably the detailed review article by Baldi (1997), the Hausa and Chadic entries in the annual Bibliographie Linguistique, compiled over the past dozen years by Dr. Joe McIntyre, and the very useful list of publications found regularly in Méga-Tchad. A subsequent third edition of this work can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/20576

Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse

On July 22, 2011, Anders Breivik had massacred 75 people in a bomb attack and mass shooting out of his hatred towards Islam and Muslims, his actions shocked Norway and the world. He left behind a manifesto ‘2083, A European Declaration of Independence’ which clearly indicates his imagination about Islam and Muslims and the reasons that let him to commit this mass murder. Breivik is studied extensively in the academia through the lenses of Islamophobia and terrorism; there are few studies done on the levels of violence in anti-Islamic discourse. This study uses Richard A. Nielsen’s methodology which measures numerically to which extent Muslim clerics support for violent jihad and ideology in their writings. Such algorithmic approaches that evaluate extremist Muslim discourse have been mainly applied in Western academia to show level of violence in it. This study is unique as the Nielsen’s approach is applied to anti-Islamic extremist discourse. It takes Breivik’s manifesto as a field of analysis. First, it takes as a baseline the five topics (along its exclusive and its frequent keywords) in Jihadi corpus calculated by Professor Nielsen. Second, main key-terms of Breivik’s anti-Islamic position are measured to see the level of violence according to Nielsen’s methodology. After this, both key terms are compared. Results show that Breivik’s anti-Islamic position contains more violence indicator than the jihadist position. This research will be the first to apply algorithmic approach and it will demonstrate that using extremism measure tools developed by the Western academic can be applied to antiIslamic extremist discourse. In conclusion, if extremism measure tools are applied fairly on both Islamist thought and anti-Islamic discourse, it will not only show that both streams of discourse contain levels of violence, but anti-Muslim discourse accommodates higher levels of violence as well. This research will open the way for Muslim academics to apply algorithmic methods to counter anti-Islamic discours

Comprehensive Bibliography of Chadic and Hausa Linguistics, Third Edition

The Comprehensive Bibliography of Chadic and Hausa Linguistics is an updated, expanded, and corrected edition of the print book published some twenty years ago by Rüdiger Köppe Verlag (Newman 1996). The outpouring of new publications on Chadic and Hausa in the ensuing years created the need for an updated bibliography. The first edition of this online bibliography was published in 2012 at Bayreuth University, the second edition in 2013 at Indiana University (http://hdl.handle.net/2022/16600), and the current third edition in 2015, also at Indiana University. This comprehensive bibliography covers all works written on Chadic and Hausa languages and linguistics dating from 1790 to the present. In addition to published books and articles, the bibliography includes unpublished Ph.D. dissertations and master's theses. The bibliography is international in scope and covers works regardless of the language in which they were written. For example, there are close to a hundred works written in Hausa. Titles of works in languages other than English, French, or German are accompanied by English translations. Russian titles in Cyrillic script are transliterated into Roman script. Book reviews are listed under the entry for the book being reviewed. A new feature of this 3rd edition is the addition of a Book Review Author Index, which indicates all the books that any individual has reviewed. Finally, the bibliography contains a section consisting of obituaries, (auto-) biographical essays, and related works on major scholars, now deceased, who have contributed significantly to Chadic or Hausa linguistics