Aerospace medicine and biology: A cumulative index to the continuing bibliography of the 1973 issues

A cumulative index to the abstracts contained in Supplements 112 through 123 of Aerospace Medicine and Biology A Continuing Bibliography is presented. It includes three indexes: subject, personal author, and corporate source

Activation of the pro-resolving receptor Fpr2 attenuates inflammatory microglial activation

Poster number: P-T099 Theme: Neurodegenerative disorders & ageing Activation of the pro-resolving receptor Fpr2 reverses inflammatory microglial activation Authors: Edward S Wickstead - Life Science & Technology University of Westminster/Queen Mary University of London Inflammation is a major contributor to many neurodegenerative disease (Heneka et al. 2015). Microglia, as the resident immune cells of the brain and spinal cord, provide the first line of immunological defence, but can become deleterious when chronically activated, triggering extensive neuronal damage (Cunningham, 2013). Dampening or even reversing this activation may provide neuronal protection against chronic inflammatory damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation could be abrogated through activation of the receptor Fpr2, known to play an important role in peripheral inflammatory resolution. Immortalised murine microglia (BV2 cell line) were stimulated with LPS (50ng/ml) for 1 hour prior to the treatment with one of two Fpr2 ligands, either Cpd43 or Quin-C1 (both 100nM), and production of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were monitored after 24h and 48h. Treatment with either Fpr2 ligand significantly suppressed LPS-induced production of NO or TNFα after both 24h and 48h exposure, moreover Fpr2 ligand treatment significantly enhanced production of IL-10 48h post-LPS treatment. As we have previously shown Fpr2 to be coupled to a number of intracellular signaling pathways (Cooray et al. 2013), we investigated potential signaling responses. Western blot analysis revealed no activation of ERK1/2, but identified a rapid and potent activation of p38 MAP kinase in BV2 microglia following stimulation with Fpr2 ligands. Together, these data indicate the possibility of exploiting immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of neurological diseases, and highlight in particular the important potential of resolution mechanisms as novel therapeutic targets in neuroinflammation. References Cooray SN et al. (2013). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 18232-7. Cunningham C (2013). Glia 61: 71-90. Heneka MT et al. (2015). Lancet Neurol 14: 388-40

Alpha asymmetry index of prefrontal and temporal regions predicts treatment response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Aims: Electroencephalography (EEG) measures could be a potential markers for prediction of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) outcomes in depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of alpha asymmetric index (AAI) in predicting treatment response in two different protocols of rTMS in patients with intractable major depression. Methods: Patients with intractable major depression (n=34) were divided into two treatment groups underwent two different rTMS protocols. The first group received ten sessions 20 Hz rTMS The second group received 10 Hz rTMS . The EEGs were recorded in all subjects pre- and post-intervention using a 19-channel, 10-20 electrodes placement protocol. Hamilton depression rating scale-17 items (HDRS-17) was used to divide the patients into responders and non-responder. The AAI in prefrontal (Fp1-Fp2), frontal (F3-F4 and F7-F8), and temporal (T3-T4) regions were calculated and compared between pre- and post-intervention in each group and between the responder and non-responder groups. Results: In the 20 Hz rTMS group responders, 6 patients responded to the treatment, whereas 10 Hz rTMS showed 8 responders. In the responders of 20 Hz rTMS, the AAI at Fp1-Fp2, F3-F4, and T3-T4significantly decreased after the intervention (P=0.011, P=0.042, and P=0.035). The responders of 10 Hz rTMS showed significant reduction in the AAI at Fp1-Fp2 and T3-T4 regions after intervention (P= 0.023 and P=0.044). Conclusions: It seems AAI at prefrontal and temporal region scould be used for prediction of treatment response, regardless of rTMS protocol

Single session neurofeedback treatment alters theta/beta-1 and theta/alpha ratios but not sufficient to induce clinical enhancement in attention

Background and Aims: Neurofeedback treatment (NFT) may enhance attention performance in healthy individuals. This study investigated the effects of single session NFT on attention in healthy individuals performing a visual attention task. Methods: This was an open-label single-blinded trial conducted on 14 healthy university students (n=14; mean=23.35±0.58 years) of a major medical university in Iran. The subjects underwent a single session NFT while performing attentional network task (ANT). The NFT protocol was theta suppression/beta-1enhancement applied at Cz for 20 min. Before and immediately after NFT, EEG signals were recorded in subjects while performing ANT. EEGs were recorded using a 19 channel device and 10-20 placement protocol. Results: The single session NFT increased the theta/beta-1 ratio in most of the electrode sites and the increase was statistically significant compared to the pre-intervention in the T6 site (p=0.011). The ratio decreased in just three sites of C3, Fz, and Cz, of them Fz showed a significant reduction (p=0.026). Contrary, the theta/alpha ratio decreased in most of the electrodes where the reductions were statistically significant in P3, P4, Cz, Pz (p<0.05), and C3 (p<0.01). The F7, F8, T3, and T4 showed no significant increased theta/alpha ratio. The central, temporal and occipital regions were involved in the NFT induced changes. Single NFT did not significantly change alerting, executive, or orienting networks of ANT. Conclusions: Theta/beta-1 and theta/alpha ratios can be reliably used to assess NFT induced attention enhancement. However, single NFT did not induce clinical outcomes and repeated sessions seem necessary to modulate alerting, executive, or orienting networks of ANT

12th Man in Space Symposium: The Future of Humans in Space. Abstract Volume

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is pleased to host the 12th IAA Man in Space Symposium. A truly international forum, this symposium brings together scientists, engineers, and managers interested in all aspects of human space flight to share the most recent research results and space agency planning related to the future of humans in space. As we look out at the universe from our own uniquely human perspective, we see a world that we affect at the same time that it affects us. Our tomorrows are highlighted by the possibilities generated by our knowledge, our drive, and our dreams. This symposium will examine our future in space from the springboard of our achievements

Objective neurophysiologic markers to aid assessment of prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDoC)

Clinical assessments of individuals with cognitive-motor dissociation (CMD) following brain injury are both challenging and error prone. Prior studies have shown that electroencephalographic or EEG-based brain computer interface protocols for motor-command following (MCF) and differences in the N1 and P3 components of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to an auditory oddball paradigm can provide a more accurate, quantitative assessment of children with CMD (Kim et al., 2022). This study investigates if these EEG measures would aid in the assessment of adults with prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDoC); and if brain-computer interface (BCI) protocols using motor-imagery decoding tasks or latencies of AEPs can improve cognitive assessments of individuals with PDoC.Methods: EEG data from nine individuals with PDoC, including cases of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), minimally conscious state (MCS), and locked-in syndrome (LIS), were recorded using a 16-channel gNautilus system (g.tec). The MCF protocol included up to 12 sessions of 240 trials each. During the first six sessions, participants underwent training with and without feedback, to learn to consistently imagine moving one of two limbs, such as the left or right hand, in response to auditory cues. From the seventh session onward, this binary imagery task was associated with yes and no and applied in a closed question-and-answer task. Separately, the auditory oddball protocol included at least two sessions, approximately 10 days apart. Each session involved 2 five-minute sets of auditory stimuli: 340ms square-wave beeps at frequencies of 400 Hz (standard) or 575 Hz (deviant), along with various novel sounds, following a standard:deviant:novel ratio of 27:8:6 per set. Results: Mean N1 AEP latencies had significant group differences due to lower latencies for the LIS and MCS groups as compared to the UWS group (LIS v UWS – p &lt; 0.001; MCS v UWS – p = 0.005). Furthermore, mean AEP latencies were found to be negatively correlated with the mean of the decoding accuracies (DA) obtained from significant runs for each participant during the corresponding motor-imagery sessions (i.e., latencies decreased as DA increased, p = 0.011, one-tailed).Conclusion: The latency of the N1 AEP may aid the assessment of awareness in PDoC. The finding that N1 latencies are correlated with motor imagery DA across groups suggest that both movement-independent measures could be used complementarily to improve accuracy in detecting consciousness in adults with PDoC.<br/