10,036 research outputs found

    Analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of xylem refilling in Acer rubrum L. using magnetic resonance imaging.

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    We report results of an analysis of embolism formation and subsequent refilling observed in stems of Acer rubrum L. using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is one of the very few techniques that can provide direct non-destructive observations of the water content within opaque biological materials at a micrometer resolution. Thus, it has been used to determine temporal dynamics and water distributions within xylem tissue. In this study, we found good agreement between MRI measures of pixel brightness to assess xylem liquid water content and the percent loss in hydraulic conductivity (PLC) in response to water stress (P50 values of 2.51 and 2.70 for MRI and PLC, respectively). These data provide strong support that pixel brightness is well correlated to PLC and can be used as a proxy of PLC even when single vessels cannot be resolved on the image. Pressure induced embolism in moderately stressed plants resulted in initial drop of pixel brightness. This drop was followed by brightness gain over 100 min following pressure application suggesting that plants can restore water content in stem after induced embolism. This recovery was limited only to current-year wood ring; older wood did not show signs of recovery within the length of experiment (16 h). In vivo MRI observations of the xylem of moderately stressed (~-0.5 MPa) A. rubrum stems revealed evidence of a spontaneous embolism formation followed by rapid refilling (~30 min). Spontaneous (not induced) embolism formation was observed only once, despite over 60 h of continuous MRI observations made on several plants. Thus this observation provide evidence for the presence of naturally occurring embolism-refilling cycle in A. rubrum, but it is impossible to infer any conclusions in relation to its frequency in nature

    Flow characteristics and exchange in complex biological systems as observed by pulsed-field-gradient magnetic-resonance imaging

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    Water flow through model porous media was studied in the presence of surface relaxation, internal magnetic field inhomogeneities and exchange with stagnant water pools with different relaxation behavior, demonstrating how the apparent flow parameters average velocity, volume flow and flow conducting area in these situations depend on the observation time. To investigate the water exchange process a two component biological model system consisting of water flowing through a biofilm reactor (column packed with methanogenic granular sludge beads) was used, before and after a heat treatment to introduce exchange. We show that correction of the stagnant fluid signal amplitude for relaxation at increasing observation time using the observed relaxation times reveals exchange between the two fractions in the system. Further it is demonstrated how this exchange can be quantifie

    NMR spectroscopy of Group 13 metal ions : biologically relevant aspects

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    ReviewIn spite of the fact that Group 13 metal ions (Al(III), Ga(III), In(III) and Tl(I)/(III)) show no main biological role, they are NMR-active nuclides which can be used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biologically relevant systems. The fact that these metal ions are quadrupolar (with the exception of thallium) means that they are particularly sensitive to ligand type and coordination geometry. The line width of the NMR signals of their complexes shows a strong dependence on the symmetry of coordination, which constitutes an effective tool in the elucidation of structures. Here we report published NMR studies of this family of elements, applied to systems of biological importance. Special highlighting is given to the binding studies of these cations to biological molecules, like proteins, and to chelating agents of radiopharmaceutical interest. The possibility of in vivo NMR studies is also stressed, with extension to 27Al-based MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) experiments

    Sorption of trivalent actinides onto gibbsite, Îł-alumina, and kaolinite : A spectroscopic study of An(III) interactions at the mineral-water interfaces

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    This Ph.D. thesis concerns investigations on the interactions of trivalent actinides with the mineral phases γ-alumina, gibbsite, and kaolinite. Spectroscopic methods, namely time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been employed together with macroscopic sorption investigations to obtain molecular level process understanding of the solid-water interface reactions occurring in the mineral suspensions. Results obtained in the macroscopic sorption investigations with gadolinium(III) and the spectroscopic (TRLFS) investigations with curium(III) onto the aluminum hydroxide phase gibbsite, α-Al(OH)3 showed that two interaction mechanisms, inner sphere surface complexation and incorporation, are required to explain the metal ion speciation at the gibbsite surface over the investigated pH range 5-11.5. Sorption of Gd3+/Cm3+ commences at pH values close to 5 through formation of an inner sphere surface complex. When the pH is raised towards the alkaline pH range another inner sphere complex can be detected from the acquired TRLFS data. The continuous increase of suspension pH, however, also influences the solubility of aluminum with a direct impact on the trivalent metal ion speciation. Upon moving from higher aluminum solubility regions in the acidic pH range towards the solubility minimum at pH 6.3, aluminum hydroxide precipitates from oversaturated solutions and consequently incorporates surface bound curium on the gibbsite surface. When further increasing the pH towards the alkaline pH range, aluminum solubility increases again which results in dissolution of the incorporating precipitate uncovering the curium surface complex. This sorption behavior has not been encountered previously in investigations with other aluminum oxide/hydroxide minerals as sorbent phases for trivalent metal ion attachment. Identification of an incorporated curium species as a consequence of pH variations is a clear proof that mineral surfaces cannot be considered as inert with regard to chemical variations as done in many studies. In macroscopic (Eu3+) and TRLFS (Cm3+) sorption investigations with kaolinite as sorbent phase, both outer sphere and inner sphere surface complexes could be identified. Outer sphere complexation was pronounced in background electrolyte concentrations of 1 mM NaClO4, while outer sphere attachment was found only for low (less than 10-7 M) europium concentrations on a natural kaolinite batch and not at all in synthetic kaolinite suspensions when 100 mM NaClO4 was used in the experiments. Three inner sphere curium complexes differing only in the degree of hydrolysis were found to dominate the speciation over a large pH range (5.5-11.5). These species were assigned to >Cm(H2O)52+, >Cm(OH)(H2O)4+ and >Cm(OH)2(H2O)3 based on fluorescence lifetime data and they correlate very well in terms of emission peak positions and fluorescence lifetimes values to curium species found on other clay mineral surfaces. Above pH 11.5 a further curium complex that could not be assigned to a pure hydrolyzed curium surface complex became prevailing. The TRLFS experiments showed that the dissolution of kaolinite in the alkaline pH-range (>10) resulted in the formation of a ternary complex between surface-sorbed curium and dissolved silicates in solution. Thus, the dissolution of the sorbent phase could again be shown to influence the metal ion speciation verifying the need for spectroscopic investigations for a correct assignment of the formed complexes at the solid/water interface. The sorption of diamagnetic yttrium(III) and paramagnetic europium(III) on the various surface hydroxyl groups of γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) and kaolinite was investigated in NMR studies. Upon Eu3+/Y3+ attachment onto the mineral surfaces the 1H NMR signal could be seen to decrease. In difference spectra produced by subtracting the acquired proton spectra of samples with high metal ion concentrations from spectra of clean mineral samples or samples with lower metal ion loadings, a manifold of surface hydroxyl groups influenced by the metal ion attachment to the surface could be identified. These surface groups could be assigned to doubly coordinated Al2-OH and singly coordinated Al-OH groups on the respective mineral surfaces. In the γ-alumina study the wide distribution of chemically very similar OH protons was attributed to variations in O-H bond lengths and to variations in the Al coordination (AlIV/AlVI). In the kaolinite study removed protons in the metal ion sorption reaction were assigned to singly coordinated Al-OH groups at the kaolinite edge surfaces. In addition, indications of trivalent metal ion attachment to bridging Al-OH-Al groups at the gibbsite-like basal plane of the mineral were obtained.Det använda kärnbränslet från de finska kärnreaktorerna kommer att slutförvaras i berggrunden i Olkiluoto. Syftet med slutförvaret är att isolera det radioaktiva avfallet från den levande naturen i flera hundratusen år. I slutförvaret kommer det använda kärnbränslet att skyddas av tre barriärer: kopparkapseln, bufferten och själva urberget. I denna avhandling har växelverkningar mellan trevärda aktinider som förekommer i det använda kärnavfallet samt mineralfaserna γ-alumina [γ-Al2O3], gibbsit [α-Al(OH)3] och kaolinit [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] undersökts. Syftet med arbetet har varit att erhålla information om hur dessa aktinider adsorberas på mineralytorna, vilket i berggrunden kommer att fördröja eller hindra dessa radioaktiva ämnens transport med grundvattnet upp mot markytan. För att erhålla information om de processer som sker vid mineral/vatten gränsytan har de spektroskopiska metoderna tidsupplöst laserinducerad fluorescensspektroskopi (TRLFS) samt kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi (NMR) tillämpats. De spektroskopiska undersökningarna har kompletterats med makroskopiska, så kallade batchundersökningar, där trevärda lantanider har används som analoger till de radioaktiva aktiniderna. Sorptionsundersökningarna med lantaniden gadolinium(III) eller europium(III) och de spektroskopiska (TRLFS) undersökningarna med aktiniden curium(III) har visat att de trevärda metallerna adsorberas på mineralytorna gibbsit och kaolinit som såkallade innersfärkomplex, där en kemisk bindning mellan metallen och mineralytan bildas. Dessutom sker adsorptionen av Eu3+/Cm3+ även som yttersfärkomplexbildning på kaolinitytan i det sura pH-området. Yttersfärkomplexbildning är en elektrostatisk växelverkan mellan den negativa mineralytan och den positiva metalljonen. I TRLFS undersökningarna kunde den kontinuerliga pH-ökningen från pH 5 till 11.5 under experimenten ses påverka gibbsitlösligheten i mineralsuspensionerna med en direkt inverkan på den trevärda metalljonens speciation. Då experimenten utfördes från ett pH-område med högre aluminiumlöslighet till ett med lägre löslighet, skedde en utfällning av aluminiumhydroxid från den övermättade lösningen. Denna fällning inkorporerade det innersfäradsorberade curiumkomplexet vid gibbsitytan. I kaolinitstudierna kunde ett curium-innersfärkomplex mellan adsorberat curium på kaolinitytan samt lösta silikater i mineralsuspensionen, som uppkommit som följd av en märkbar upplösning av kaolinitmineralen då pH överskrider 10, påvisas. Identifieringen av den inkorporerade curium-specien på gibbsitytan och komplexet mellan curium och lösta silikater på kaolinitytan är ett tydligt bevis på att mineralytor inte kan anses vara inerta med avseende på kemiska variationer, utan förändringar i de kemiska förhållandena under undersökningarna måste beaktas. Dessutom framhävs behovet av spektroskopiska undersökningar för en korrekt beskrivning av de bildade komplexen vid mineral/vatten gränsytan. Adsorptionen av diamagnetiskt yttrium(III) och paramagnetiskt europium(III) på de olika yt-hydroxylgrupperna hos γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) och kaolinit undersöktes i NMR-studier. Vid adsorption av Eu3+/Y3+ på mineralytorna, kunde protonsignalen i samtliga 1H NMR spektra ses avta i jämförelse med den erhållna protonsignalen från de rena mineralerna. 1H NMR signalens avtagande sker som följd av metallkomplexbildningen på ytan som samtidigt lösgör en eller flera hydroxylprotoner från mineralytan. Hydroxylgrupper på de respektiva mineralytorna som påverkades av sorptionreaktionen identifierades som dubbelt koordinerade Al2-OH grupper, där en hydroxylgrupp är förknippad med två aluminiumatomer i mineralstrukturen, samt enkelt koordinerade Al-OH grupper, där varje hydroxyl är förknippad med enbart en aluminiumatom. Erhållna NMR spektra visade dessutom att det är fråga om ett flertal, mycket liknande hydroxylgrupper som deltar i sorptionsreaktionen

    Rock-eating mycorrhizas: their role in plant nutrition and biogeochemical cycles

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    A decade ago, tunnels inside mineral grains were found that were likely formed by hyphae of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. This observation implied that EcM fungi can dissolve mineral grains. The observation raised several questions on the ecology of these Âżrock-eatingÂż fungi. This review addresses the roles of these rock-eating EcM associations in plant nutrition, biogeochemical cycles and pedogenesis. Research approaches ranged from molecular to ecosystem level scales. Nutrient deficiencies change EcM seedling exudation patterns of organic anions and thus their potential to mobilise base cations from minerals. This response was fungal species-specific. Some EcM fungi accelerated mineral weathering. While mineral weathering could also increase the concentrations of phytotoxic aluminium in the soil solution, some EcM fungi increase Al tolerance through an enhanced exudation of oxalate. Through their contribution to Al transport, EcM hyphae could be agents in pedogenesis, especially podzolisation. A modelling study indicated that mineral tunnelling is less important than surface weathering by EcM fungi. With both processes taken together, the contribution of EcM fungi to weathering may be significant. In the field vertical niche differentiation of EcM fungi was shown for EcM root tips and extraradical mycelium. In the field EcM fungi and tunnel densities were correlated. Our results support a role of rock-eating EcM fungi in plant nutrition and biogeochemical cycles. EcM fungal species-specific differences indicate the need for further research with regard to this variation in functional traits

    Stability of salts and complexes of humic acids

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    Základem práce je studium vlivu přítomnosti kovů inkorporovaných do struktury huminových látek při tepelné zátěži za přítomnosti vzdušného kyslíku. Pro tyto účely byla použita lignitická huminová kyselina, u které byl nejprve retitračně-vodivostní metodou stanoven počet vazných míst, tj. karboxylových skupin. Smícháním s roztoky sodných a měďnatých iontů byly získány koncové produkty s různými stupni nasycení zjištěných vazných míst. Pro zhodnocení termooxidační stability byla provedena termogravimetrická analýza a diferenční kompenzační kalorimetrie. Výsledky přinášejí nový pohled na reaktivitu huminové kyseliny s kovovými ionty v kapalné fázi, poukazují na možný vznik „porézní“ struktury sodných humátů a jejich schopnost retence vody.The ground of this work lies in the study of influence of metal ions incorporated onto the structure of humic substances during thermal stress in the presence of air oxygen. For these purposes, lignitic humic acid was used. The amount of binding sites, i.e. carboxylic groups, was determined by retitration-conductometric method. Mixing the humic acid with solutions of sodium and cupric ions gave the final products with different saturation degrees of detected binding sites. For the evaluation of thermooxidative stability, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed. The results bring new view upon the reactivity of humic acid with metal ions in the liquid state, indicate possible formation of “porous” structure of sodium humates and their water-retention ability.

    Space resources. Volume 2: Energy, power, and transport

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    This volume of the Space Resources report covers a number of technical and policy issues concerning the energy and power to carry out advanced space missions and the means of transportation to get to the sites of those missions. Discussed in the first half of this volume are the technologies which might be used to provide power and a variety of ways to convert power from one form to another, store it, move it wherever it is needed, and use it. In the second half of this volume, various kinds of transportation, including both interplanetary and surface systems, are discussed

    Acclimation responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to sustained phosphite treatments

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    Phosphite () induces a range of physiological and developmental responses in plants by disturbing the homeostasis of the macronutrient phosphate. Because of its close structural resemblance to phosphate, phosphite impairs the sensing, membrane transport, and subcellular compartmentation of phosphate. In addition, phosphite induces plant defence responses by an as yet unknown mode of action. In this study, the acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to a sustained phosphite supply in the growth medium was investigated and compared with plants growing under varying phosphate supplies. Unlike phosphate, phosphite did not suppress the formation of lateral roots in several Arabidopsis accessions. In addition, the expression of well-documented phosphate-starvation-induced genes, such as miRNA399d and At4, was not repressed by phosphite accumulation, whilst the induction of PHT1;1 and PAP1 was accentuated. Thus, a mimicking of phosphate by phosphite was not observed for these classical phosphate-starvation responses. Metabolomic analysis of phosphite-treated plants showed changes in several metabolite pools, most prominently those of aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and serine. These alterations in amino acid pools provide novel insights for the understanding of phosphite-induced pathogen resistance
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