Direct and indirect influences of objective socioeconomic position on adolescent health: the mediating roles of subjective socioeconomic status and lifestyles

The use of composite indices and subjective measures to evaluate socioeconomic position, taking into account the effect of inequalities on adolescent health-related behaviors, can contribute to understanding the effect of inequalities on health during adolescence. The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect contribution of objective and subjective socioeconomic factors in a broad range of health and lifestyles outcomes. The data come from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 15,340; M age = 13.69) of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in Spain. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. A global index for evaluating objective socioeconomic position predicted both health and healthy lifestyles. Subjective socioeconomic status mediated the relationship between objective socioeconomic position and health but did not have a significant effect on healthy lifestyles when objective indicators were considered. Lastly, fit indices of the multiple-mediator model—including the direct effect of objective socioeconomic position on health and its indirect effects through the subjective perception of wealth and lifestyles—explained 28.7% of global health variance. Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of health inequalities should address, in addition to material deprivation, the psychological and behavioral consequences of feeling poor.Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia de la Junta de Andalucía P11—SEJ—800

Dispute Resolution of Foreign Direct Investment in China

Praktek korupsi di zaman modern ini masih melukai upaya penyelesaian sengketa penanaman modal asing di Indonesia. Namun sebenarnya pada saat ini Indonesia sedang menjadi negara tujuan menarik bagi kegiatan penanaman modal asing, terutama bagi produsen barang-barang manufaktur, hal ini tidak lain disebabkan karena sumber daya alam Indonesia yang mendukung kegiatan perekonomian. Dalam tulisan ini ditujukan agar dapat memacu pengembangan sistem hukum di Indonesia terutama dalam hal penanaman modal asing dan untuk membahas mengenai bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa pada penanaman modal asing dalam kaitannya dengan Chinese Regime dan pengaruh akan budaya Cina pada metode negosiasi, mediasi, arbitrasi. Dalam penulisan ini juga dibahas mengenai upaya penyelesaian sengketa melalui litigasi, penegakan hukum dari putusan arbitrase asing serta penegakan hukum terhadap hasil keputusan pengadilan asing, dalam kaitannya dengan Chinese Regime.Corruption activity in this modern era keeps hurting the implementation of foreign investment in Indonesia, especially for the dispute settlement aspect. Unfortunately, today, Indonesia is one of the interesting place for foreign investment destination, especially for consumer goods manufacturers. This situation happened because of Indonesia's great resources which is totally supportive to business development activity. This article was intended to spur the development of Indonesia's legal system, especially about foreign investment, and also to explain how the dispute resolution on foreign investment in Chinese Regime perspective, including considerations of how Chinese culture and settlement in foreign investment, methods of negotiation, mediation, arbitration. It will also be discussed how the practice of the settlement of disputes through litigation also the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and the enforcement of a foreign court related to Chinese Regime

Implementation of digital pheromones in PSO accelerated by commodity Graphics Hardware

In this paper, a model for Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) using digital pheromones to coordinate swarms within ndimensional design spaces is presented. Previous work by the authors demonstrated the capability of digital pheromones within PSO for searching n-dimensional design spaces with improved accuracy, efficiency and reliability in both serial and parallel computing environments using traditional CPUs. Modern GPUs have proven to outperform the number of floating point operations when compared to CPUs through inherent data parallel architecture and higher bandwidth capabilities. The advent of programmable graphics hardware in the recent times further provided a suitable platform for scientific computing particularly in the field of design optimization. However, the data parallel architecture of GPUs requires a specialized formulation for leveraging its computational capabilities. When the objective function computations are appropriately formulated for GPUs, it is theorized that the solution efficiency (speed) can be significantly increased while maintaining solution accuracy. The development of this method together with a number of multi-modal unconstrained test problems are tested and presented in this paper

Transient liquid phase sintering of high density Transient liquid phase sintering of high density Fe₃Al using Fe and Fe₂Al₅/FeAl₂ powders Part 1: Experimentation and results

High density Fe[sub 3]Al was produced through transient liquid phase sintering, using rapid heating rates of greater than 150 K min[sup -1] and a mixture of prealloyed and elemental powders. Prealloyed Fe[sub 2]Al[sub 5]/FeAl[sub 2] (50Fe/50Al, wt-%) powder was added to elemental iron powder in a ratio appropriate for producing an overall Fe[sub 3]Al (13•87 wt-%) ratio. The heating rate, sintering time, sintering temperature, green density and powder particle size were controlled during the study. Heating rate, sintering time and powder particle size had the most significant influence upon the sintered density of the compacts. The highest sintered density of 6•12 Mg m[sup -3] (92% of the theoretical density for Fe3Al) was achieved after 15 minutes of sintering at 1350°C, using a 250 K min[sup - 1] heating rate, 1-6 μm Fe powders and 5•66 μm alloy powders. SEM microscopy suggests that agglomerated Fe[sub 2]Al[sub 5]/ FeAl[sub 2] particles, which form a liquid during sintering, are responsible for a significant portion of the remaining porosity in high sintered density compacts, creating stable pores, larger than 100 μm diameter, after melting. High density was achieved by minimising the Kirkendall porosity formed during heating by unbalanced diffusion and solubility between the iron and Fe[sub 2]Al[sub 5]/FeAl[sub 2] components. The lower diffusion rate of aluminium in the prealloyed powder into the iron compared with elemental aluminium in iron, coupled with a fast heating rate, is expected to permit minimal iron-aluminium interdiffusion during heating so that when a liquid forms the aluminium dissolves in the iron to promote solidification at a lower aluminium content. This leads to a further reduction in porosity

Direct Cause

An interventionist account of causation characterizes causal relations in terms of changes resulting from particular interventions. We provide an example of a causal relation for which there does not exist an intervention satisfying the common interventionist standard. We consider adaptations that would save this standard and describe their implications for an interventionist account of causation. No adaptation preserves all the aspects that make the interventionist account appealing

Abstracts of the 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin / Résumés de la 7e Conférence internationale sur la lactoferrine

The article presents abstracts on lactoferrin research. They include "Oral administration of lactoferrin raises NK cell activity in mice,"Comparison of antimicrobial activity between lactoferricin B 15 derivative and antibiotics" and "Batch extraction of lactoferrin from raw whole milk.

Direct Numerical Simulations of Low-RmRm MHD turbulence based on the least dissipative modes

We present a new spectral method for the Direct Numerical Simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence at low Magnetic Reynolds number. The originality of our approach is that instead of using traditional bases of functions, it relies on the basis of eigenmodes of the dissipation operator, which represents viscous and Joule dissipation. We apply this idea to the simple case of a periodic domain in the three directions of space, with an homogeneous magnetic field in the $\mathbf e_z$ direction. The basis is then still as subset of the Fourier space, but ordered by growing linear decay rate $|\lambda|$ (\emph{i.e} according to the \emph{least dissipative modes}). We show that because the lines of constant energy tend to follow those of constant $|\lambda|$ in the Fourier space, the scaling for the the smallest scales $|\lambda^{\rm max}|$ in a forced flow can be expressed using this single parameter, as a function of the Reynolds number as \sqrt{|\lambda^{\rm max}|}/(2\pi k_f)\simeq 0.5\Rey^{1/2}, where $k_f$ is the forcing wavelength, or as a function of the Grashof number \Gr_f, which gives a non-dimensional measure of the forcing, as |\lambda^{\rm max}|^{1/2}/(2\pi k_f)\simeq 0.47\Gr_f^{0.20}. This scaling is also found consistent with heuristic scalings, and which we are able to numerically quantify as k_\perp^{\rm max}/k_f\simeq 0.5 \Rey^{1/2} and k_z^{\rm max}/k_f\simeq 0.8k_f \Rey/Ha. Finally, we show that the set of least dissipative modes gives a relevant prediction for the scale of the first three-dimensional structure to appear in a forced, initially two-dimensional turbulent flow. This completes our numerical demonstration that the least dissipative modes can be used to simulate both two- and three-dimensional low-Rm MHD flows.Comment: 24 pages. Article accepted for publication in the Journal of Fluid Mechanic