242,353 research outputs found

    Эволюционная экономика как альтернатива налоговой неоклассике

    No full text
    Розглянуто фундаментальні положення неокласичної економічної теорії у сфері оподаткування, які спираються на передумови щодо Парето-ефективного розподілу благ, раціональної поведінки індивідів в умовах повної інформованості і рівноваги ринків на короткострокових інтервалах часу. Обґрунтовано межі застосування неокласичних моделей оподаткування як інструменту прикладного дослідження в умовах обмеженої раціональності індивідів і нестабільності зовнішнього середовища. Ключові слова: неокласична економічна теорія, моделі оподаткування, еволюційна економіка, еволюційні моделі.Рассмотрены фундаментальные положения неоклассической экономической теории в сфере налогообложения, которые опираются на предпосылки о Парето-эффективном распределении благ, рациональном поведении индивидов в условиях полной информированности и о равновесии рынков на краткосрочных интервалах времени. Обоснованы пределы применения неоклассических моделей налогообложения как инструмента прикладного исследования в условиях ограниченной рациональности индивидов и нестабильности внешней среды. Ключевые слова: неоклассическая экономическая теория, модели налогообложения, эволюционная экономика, эволюционные модели.The fundamental principles of the neoclassical economic theory are considered, which are based on the precondition of Pareto efficient allocation of goods, rational behavior of fully informed individuals andequilibrium of markets at short intervals of time.The level of public welfare is the main aim of neoclassical investigations. There areRawlsian and Utilitarian approaches to the modeling of public welfare functions. The enterprise activities are described with production functions of various modifications, the consumers’ – of utility functions, the government – of budget constraints.In neoclassical economics the investigation of government regulation of the economy is reflected in the models of taxation, which represents the impact of taxes on economic growth. These models of taxation are descriptive and optimization. Limits of neoclassical models of taxation as a tool for applied research in the limited rationality of individuals and the instability of the economic environment are established. These models do not take account of changes in the behavior of individuals.Therefore the conclusions of neoclassical economic theory need to be adjusted according to the institutional economic environment and the permanent changes in the economic activity of agents. Evolutionary economics as scientific approach in the modern economic thought is a further development of the fundamental provisions of the orthodox theory. Using foundation of the neoclassical theory investigation, the evolutionary economics is aimed at a deeper study of the socio-economic processes and phenomena based on their long-term changes and changes in the behavior of agents who make certain decisions. Such decisions not always lead to an increase in public (or private) welfare. The need to consider the patterns of change of rules and norms of the individual's behavior in space and time in terms of their evolutionary development is identified. The analysis of evolutionary models in modern economic theory has shown the feasibility of their use in the study of the tax influence on economic growth. These models are aimed at investigation of stochastic nonlinear (and non-equilibrium) states in the dynamics of the economy in terms of variability of the institutional environment and the impact of different market mechanisms. It is substantiated that evolutionary economics can be the basis of research of the influence of taxation on the economic growth in conditions of the changing status of studied objects. Keywords: neoclassical economics, taxation models, evolutionary economics, evolutionary models

    The Question of Changing the Concept, Paperand Functions of State

    Get PDF
    This paper onthe questionof the concept, role and functions of State, attempts tocritically analyze recent developments and transformations. Itis assumed that all existing State models to date are in ideological crisis that challenges the concept of State.The problem is that the empirical evidence of the roleand functionsof the State or the State system are different from ast and point of a range of spheres of government, which generate the multiple requirements of the regulatory activity of the State. In the discussion some questions are identified and proposals that may be useful for analyzing the transformation of the State are formulated.Keywords. Concept of State, State functions, role of government.JEL. H70, I18

    Political Settlements: Issues paper

    Get PDF
    Why do similar sets of formal institutions often have such divergent outcomes? An analysis of political settlements goes some way to answering this question by bringing into focus the contending interests that exist within any state, which constrain and facilitate institutional and developmental change. It provides a framework to analyse how the state is linked to society and what lies behind the formal representation of politics in a state. The political settlement and the elite bargains from which it emerges are central to patterns of state fragility and resilience. The role of political organisation within the political settlement is crucial to both the stability of the settlement and the direction in which it evolves over time. The elite bargains that may lead to the establishment of what might be considered a resilient political settlement may also act as a barrier to progressive developmental change. Analysis of political settlements suggests that state-building is far from a set of technical formulas, but is a highly political process. Creating capacity within a state to consolidate and expand taxation is fundamentally determined by the shape of the political settlement underlying the state. This is true as well for the development of service delivery or any other function of the state. This analytical framework provides a window for donors to grasp the politics of a place in order to design more effective interventions

    Global crises: Is the Keynesian recipe relevant if applied under a global governance?

    Get PDF
    Keynesian policy was quite successful in the post-war decades in Western Europe, but by the late 1960s lost its efficiency due to changes in conditions rather than its mistaken logic. The lesson from the first global crisis erupting in early 1970s and also from the subsequent several crises since then is that the increasing crisis propensity of the world economy is rooted in its inherent disequilibria stemming from deep inequalities, asymmetrical interdependencies and disintegrated socio-economic structures. In view of the failure of the prevailing methods of crisis management, particularly those undifferentiated, antisocial austerity measures corresponding to a neo-liberal monetarist concept which neglects this lesson, many economists prefer the Keynesian recipe. However, since global crises need global solution, and the spread of conspicuous consumption modify the demand constraint, its application must be adjusted to reality, and requires some global governance which may pave the way for a global oeco-social market economy

    Agricultural and resource economics and economic development in Aboriginal communities

    Get PDF
    Economic development is seen as the best way for Aboriginal communities to improve their welfare and lessen the considerable disadvantages they suffer. Unfortunately, the economics profession has shown little interest in their plight. Agricultural and resource economists have much to offer in helping to foster economic development in Aboriginal communities throughout Australia. Suggestions are made as to various ways in which our particular interests and experiences can hopefully be applied.International Development, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

    Large-scale transformation of socio-economic institutions - comparative case studies on CEECs: interim report

    Get PDF
    The general idea is to follow the Varieties-of-Capitalism literature on generating indicators on the economic systems actually implemented. However, this literature mostly concentrates on the enterprise (or micro) level in traditional OECD countries, categorizing countries between the extremes: liberal market economies and controlled market economies. It largely neglects the role of the government spending, the transition of former socialist countries and developing countries, and the political process behind the choice of an economic system. We broaden the perspective by combining the Varieties-of-Capitalism with the Worlds-of-Welfare-States literature in order to provide a comprehensive view on government activities in transition. With the perspective of our contribution to WWWforEurope, we concentrate especially on social welfare, innovation systems, macro stability, and, of course, how these aspects work together (or not) and are explained by the political background. We will a cluster analysis for OECD and European transition countries and comparative country studies on Slovakia and Hungary. These countries are of special relevance because they represent extreme cases (Slovakia: significant switch in transition path towards star performer, Hungary: muddling towards problem case). One part of the comparative work concentrates on the comparison of Slovakia with other new EU members that also face to challenge of state building after dissolution of one or the other sort (Czech Rep. and the Baltics). The other part of the comparative work concentrates on Hungary in comparison with the other EU-CEECs. A broad based comparison will most likely be possible on available data only. The possibility for deeper qualitative comparisons will have to be determined during the project. The comparative components will focus on the macroeconomic background (Slovakia) and the welfare state (Hungary) respectively. Cluster analysis (initially forseen for MS25) and comparative country studies allows us to draw conclusions for the EU by providing a first comparison of the position of CEECs with respect to the “old” EU members, most interestingly the southern crisis countries that are often categorized into a form called mixed market economies with sometimes contradicting institutional set ups. Do CEECs converge towards prototype models or do they (still) constitute own models

    Future Generations: economic, legal and institutional aspects

    Get PDF
    In economics, the issue of ‘future generations’ is mainly related to the environmental problems of resource consumption and pollution and their distribution over long time horizons. This paper critically discusses fundamental concepts in economics, such as efficiency and optimality, in relation to the incorporation of future generations in present day decision-making. Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) and discounting are used as a starting point and criticized for its inherent flaws such as incommensurability of values and its tendency to hide rather than reveal underlying values which are assumed to be fixed. We then investigate alternative approaches, in which, unlike in CBA, the preferences are not assumed to be a priori but must be constructed. Thus, interest groups or individuals must sit down together and figure out what things seem to be worth. The aim is to involve all interested parties in planning for the future. Similarly, on a national and regional level, increasingly stakeholder processes, deliberative and interest group procedures are used to develop strategies and visions for resource management and conservation. A similar case can be made for institutions at the international level. The legal examples provided in this paper show that rather than only installing an institution such as the guardian for the future on the global level, more ‘democratized’ bottom up approaches might be more appropriate

    Youth Unemployment, Ageing and Regional Welfare: The Regional Labour Market Policy Response to Ageing in Sweden

    Get PDF
    The aim of this paper is to discuss the regional labour market policy response to demographic ageing in Sweden and its consequences on the labour supply of young adults. Regions with ageing problems already experience significant problems at the labour market. The overall conclusion is that labour market policies in Sweden addressing the consequences of ageing fail to include young adults and the policies do not address regional heterogeneity regarding e.g. ageing and youth unemployment

    Why Europe? On comparative long-term growth

    Get PDF
    Four historical macro phenomena of development ask for an explanation: the slow increase of welfare in Western Europe from the Middle Ages up to the publication of the Wealth of Nations, rapid modern economic growth in Europe and its transoceanic ofshoots following the industrial revolution, the lagging behind of the Asiatic areas India, China, and Japan, and the succession of economic leadership from Italy via the Low Countries and the United Kingdom to the US. The paper deals with these problems on three levels. On the first level of proper economic analysis the process of material growth is approached. On a second level, the level of institutional economics, the social framework is introduced. The third level is the field of the political economy of institutional change. Classical and neo-classical economic theory and institutional political economy offer a number of plausible explanatory causes. Next to the classical division of labour and accumulation, technical progress and human capital play a decisive role. It is shown that the emergence of an impartially operating system of law and a polity which supports it make possible the unfolding of such material conditions for growth. The institutional factors, in turn, are furthered by the development of autonomous and self-responsible individuals and competition between them and between independent political systems. Finally, a general attitude favouring the search for new ideas together with a positive attitude towards progress and risk contribute to the great divergence.Comparative Economic History, Growth, Development, Comparative Economic Systems
    corecore