Evaluation of Chemical Constituents and Important Mechanism of Pharmacological Biology in Dendrobium Plants

published_or_final_versio

Performance of Orchid Species in Shevaroy Hills of Eastern Ghats

Performance of 24 orchid species was assessed in the net-house of Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Yercaud. Among the species studied, plant height was significantly high (105cm) in Spathoglotts plicata. At the end of the vegetative stage, number of leaves was maximum (30) in Aerides. Leaf was longest (49.8cm) and widest (17.6cm) in Rhyncostylis retusa. Paphiopedilum insigne produced largest flower size (14.4cm across). Pedicel length was highest in Phaius tankervillae (10.3cm) and Renanthera inshootiana (7.1cm). Aerides multiflorum recorded lowest pedicel length (1.24cm). Epidendrum radicans and Spathoglottis plicata produced flowers round the year. Lucia virides recorded maximum life (29 days) on plant, followed by Arachnanthe clarkei (18 days), Dendrobium densiflorum (18 days) and Oncidium flexosum (16 days), while, minimum (6 days) was observed in two orchid species, Aerides crispum and Cattleya sp. Maximum (23 days) vase life was recorded in Lucia virides. Results of the investigation thus reveal that among the 24 orchid species studied, Epidendrum radicans, Lucia virides and Paphiopediluminsigne performed better in terms of vegetative and floral characters under Shevaroy hill condition

Authentication by molecular method of dendrobium used in Chinese medicine.

by Lau Tai Wai.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-127).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Table of Content --- p.iAbbreviations --- p.ivAbstract --- p.vList of Figures --- p.ixList of Tables --- p.xiiChapter 1. --- Chapter One: Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Background on orchids --- p.2Chapter 1.2 --- Background on Dendrobium --- p.7Chapter 1.3 --- Background and history on Herba Dendrobii --- p.9Chapter 1.4 --- Reasons for study of Herba Dendrobii --- p.12Chapter 1.4.1 --- Demand --- p.12Chapter 1.4.2 --- Adulteration --- p.13Chapter 1.4.3 --- CITES --- p.13Chapter 1.5 --- Scientific researches on Herba Dendrobii --- p.14Chapter 1.5.1 --- Morphological studies --- p.15Chapter 1.5.2 --- Anatomical and microscopic studies --- p.16Chapter 1.5.3 --- Phytochemistry --- p.20Chapter 1.5.3.1 --- Chemicals identified --- p.20Chapter 1.5.3.2 --- Chemical authentication of Herba Dendrobii --- p.23Chapter 1.5.3.3 --- Effect of treatment on chemical composition --- p.23Chapter 1.5.4 --- Phylogenetic study of Dendrobium --- p.25Chapter 1.5.4.1 --- Phylogenetic analysis by molecular methods --- p.25Chapter 1.5.4.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis by anatomical methods --- p.27Chapter 1.5.5 --- Pharmacological effect --- p.29Chapter 2. --- Chapter two: Objectives and strategies --- p.30Chapter 3. --- Chapter Three: Materials and Methods --- p.33Chapter 3.1 --- Source of samples and their treatment --- p.34Chapter 3.1.1 --- Fresh materials --- p.34Chapter 3.1.2 --- Dry materials --- p.34Chapter 3.1.3 --- Outgroup species --- p.35Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental protocol --- p.40Chapter 3.2.1 --- Rationale of the experiment --- p.40Chapter 3.2.2 --- DNA extraction --- p.41Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extraction method --- p.41Chapter 3.2.2.1a --- Reagents and buffers --- p.41Chapter 3.2.2.1b --- Procedures of CTAB extraction method --- p.42Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Modified DNA isolation protocol for dry samples --- p.43Chapter 3.2.2.2a --- Reagents and buffers --- p.43Chapter 3.2.2.2b --- Procedures of modified DNA isolation protocol for dry plant samples --- p.44Chapter 3.2.3 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA or PCR products --- p.45Chapter 3.2.3a --- Reagents and buffers --- p.45Chapter 3.2.3b --- Procedures of agarose gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA or PCR products --- p.45Chapter 3.2.4 --- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA --- p.46Chapter 3.2.5 --- Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) region by Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.47Chapter 3.2.5a --- Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) region --- p.47Chapter 3.2.5b --- Procedures of polymerase chain reaction of ITS 2 region --- p.48Chapter 3.2.6 --- Purification of PCR products or cycle sequencing products --- p.48Chapter 3.2.6.1 --- Ethanol precipitation --- p.48Chapter 3.2.6.2 --- GENECLEAN® protocols --- p.49Chapter 3.2.6.3 --- Spin Column Purification --- p.49Chapter 3.2.7 --- Cycle Sequencing --- p.50Chapter 3.2.8 --- Sample Electrophoresis --- p.51Chapter 3.2.8a --- Equipment and reagents --- p.51Chapter 3.2.8b --- Procedures of sample electrophoresis --- p.52Chapter 3.2.9 --- Sequence analysis --- p.52Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.53Chapter 4.1 --- Fresh materials --- p.54Chapter 4.1.1 --- Genomic DNA --- p.54Chapter 4.1.2 --- PCR products --- p.59Chapter 4.1.3 --- Sequence alignment --- p.66Chapter 4.1.4 --- Comparison of the sequences --- p.94Chapter 4.1.5 --- Percentage difference among Dendrobium --- p.96Chapter 4.1.6 --- Intra-specific variation of orchid species --- p.96Chapter 4.1.7 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.99Chapter 4.2 --- Dry materials --- p.101Chapter 4.2.1 --- Genomic DNA --- p.101Chapter 4.2.2 --- PCR products --- p.101Chapter 4.2.3 --- Sequencing result --- p.101Chapter 5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.107Chapter 5.1 --- Reasons for authentication of Herba Dendrobii --- p.108Chapter 5.2 --- Fresh materials of Herba Dendrobii --- p.109Chapter 5.2.1 --- Authentication --- p.109Chapter 5.2.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.111Chapter 5.3 --- Dry materials of Herba Dendrobii --- p.114Chapter 5.4 --- Evaluation of the experimental method --- p.115Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.116Chapter 6. --- Reference --- p.117Chapter 7. --- AppendixAppendix 1: Number of species in each medicinal orchid geneus --- p.128Appendix 2: Photographs showing 15 of the 17 species of orchids used in this research project --- p.13

Curtis\u27s botanical magazine.

v.90=ser.3:v.20 (1864) [no.5420-5485

Establishment of an Efficient In Vitro

An efficient in vitro regeneration protocol from seed culture has been established successfully for Dendrobium chrysotoxum, an epiphytic orchid having tremendous ornamental and medicinal values. Seed germination response was encouraging in Mitra (M) medium enriched with different combinations of auxins and cytokinins. Medium supplemented with 0.4% activated charcoal (AC), 2 mg/L 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), and 2 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) produced best seed germination percentage in 2 weeks of culture. Incorporation of higher concentration of kinetin (KN) or BAP in combination with low auxin in medium induced pronounced shooting and leaf formation. Reduction in leaf development was evident when cytokinins exist singly in medium indicating synergistic effect of auxin and cytokinin in leaf induction. Presence of elevated level of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with low cytokinin content in medium generated more in vitro rooting, though IBA was found to be more effective in rooting induction as compared to NAA. The in vitro protocol for asymbiotic seed germination developed from the present investigation can be used for rapid mass propagation of this highly important Dendrobium orchid species

ORCHIDS GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR BLOOMING FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY

India is bestowed with different agro-climatic conditions and soil. This makes the country particularly suitable for growing a wide variety of horticulture crops especially flowers. Among the flowers, the orchids represent a fairly young, highly diverse, and successful family of flowering plants, the Orchidaceae. It is still in an active state of speciation. Some of their botanically significant features are presence of intricately fabricated and long-lasting flowers. The numerical strength of orchids, in terms of species have been variously assessed between 17,000 and 35,000. The orchids are in cosmopolitan in distribution. Rhizanthella gardneri and R. slateri are subterranean in habit and Corallorrhiza innata a rootless parasite. The orchids are essentially out breeders, having adapted to insect pollinations. India with a vast geographic expanse and climatic ones ranging from tropical to temperate, supports a rich diversity of flora. The orchids have naturalized here in great profusion; the North Eastern, the Himalayan, and the Peninsular regions (on the main land) and the Andaman and Nicobar region (off shores) are the major orchid habitats in the country, while the occurrence of nearly 1100 species in 157 genera are representing all the major orchid tribes. Efforts have been made to evolve strategies for ensuring the survival and maintenance of genetic diversity that still exists in these plants. In this connection, one need not overstress the importance of orchid breeding. Unfortunately, orchid breeding is still in infancy in the country. Now, there is a need to improve floriculture breeding to reduce the foreign exchange for good quality planting materials. Hence, it is important to explore the orchid wealth of the country. Important floriculture traits, geographical distribution and utility of orchids will also be discussed at length. Further, there is a need to create suitable varieties to different agro-climatic horti-silvi system and socio-economic condition. Since floriculture trade and consumption are increasing rapidly worldwide, there is a blooming opportunity for India to achieve better growth in its production and export due to presence of high amount of diversity in indigenous orchids flora, thus earning valuable foreign exchange through florist trade, nursery of plant saplings, potted plants, bulb and seed production, micro-propagation and other value added products of orchids

In vitro plant regeneration of Esmeralda clarkei Rchb.f. via protocorm explant

Esmeralda clarkei is an epiphytic native orchid species of Nepal growing under medium amount of light with fragrant flowers. Reliable protocols for in vitro plant regeneration of E. clarkei via protocorm explants were developed. Protocorms obtained from in vitro germinated seeds cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and á-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) individually and in combinations responded positively by induction of multiple shoots. The cultures were maintained at 25 ± 2°C under a 16/8h light/dark cycle photoperiod provided by fluorescent lamps (Philips, India). BAP increased from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/l individually induced the maximum number of shoots (11 to 14 shoots per treatment) which is followed by combinations of BAP (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/l) and NAA (0.5mg/l) which induced 7 to 8 shoots per treatment. The highest number of roots (3 roots per treatment) was observed in NAA (0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) supplemented medium among the other tested medium.Key words: 6-Benzylaminopurine, Esmeralda clarkei, in vitro, á-naphthalene acetic acid, protocorm

Pollen Ultrastructure of Genus Dendrobium Orchids as a Learning Resource

Anggrek genus Dendrobium merupakan salah satu genus dari divisi spermatophyta yang merupakan kelompok tumbuhan yang berkembang dengan menggunakan biji. Tumbuhan berbiji tentu memiliki bunga sebagai alat perkembangan generatifnya. Perkembangan generatif pada bunga artinya pertemuan antara sel gamet jantan dan sel gamet betina. Sel gamet betina pada tumbuhan dihasilkan oleh putik, sedangkan sel gamet jantan disebut serbuk sari atau pollen. Genus Dendrobium merupakan salah satu kekayaan alam Indonesia, jumlahnya diperkirakan mencapai 275 spesies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana ultrastruktur pollen anggrek genus Dendrobium dari sepuluh spesies yang diamati menggunakan SEM. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan unit pollen untuk semua spesies yaitu kategori pollinia, sedangkan untuk polaritas pollen adalah apolar. Jenis aperture kesepuluh spesies yang diamati mempunyai aperture dengan pola yang tidak beraturan dan lebih dari enam yang disebut colpate. Bentuk pollen dari semua spesies yang diteliti bentuknya adalah subprolate hingga prolate dan ukuran pollen termasuk dalam kategori minuta hingga media. Ornamentasi pollen atau skluptur pollen tidak teridentifikasi dikarenakan ukuran pollen yang terlalu kecil, permukaan pollen terlihat kurang jelas. Sumber belajar yang digunakan adalah atlas

In vitro Antioxidant of a Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Dendrobium fimhriatum Hook.var.oculatum Hook

A water-soluble crude polysaccharide (DFHP) obtained from the aqueous extracts of the stem of Dendrobium fimhriatum Hook.var.oculatum Hook through hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, was found to have an average molecular weight (Mw) of about 209.3 kDa. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that DFHP was composed of mannose, glucose and galactose in a content ratio of 37.52%; 43.16%; 19.32%. The investigation of antioxidant activity in vitro showed that DFHP is a potential antioxidant

Evaluasi Pertumbuhan Suspensi Sel Dendrobium anosmum var. gigantea dan Aktivitasnya sebagai Antioksidan

Dendrobium merupakan tumbuhan anggrek yang memiliki manfaat bagi kesehatan dan termasuk dalam pengobatan China. Dendrobium anosmum var. gigantea dapat dikembangan dengan metode kultur jaringan tumbuhan karena memiliki sifat totipotensi. Pertumbuhan Kultur suspensi sel dapat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan maupun komposisi media kultur. Sangat penting dilakukan optimasi untuk mendapatkan pertumbuhan yang baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh konsentrasi massa dalam flash shaker (10 mg/10 ml; 10 mg/20 ml; dan 10 mg/30 ml) dan konsentrasi sukrosa media dalam bioreaktor (30 g/l; 35 g/l; 40 g/l) terhadap pertumbuhan suspensi sel Dendrobium anosmum var. gigantea. Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan untuk mengetahui golongan senyawa serta aktivitas ekstrak sebagai antioksidan. Media yang digunakan diperkaya dengan menggunakan hormon pertumbuhan NAA (Naftalen Asam Asetat) : BAP (Benzil Amino Purin) 0,5 ppm : 0,5 ppm. Skrining fitokimia dilakukan menggunakan metode spot test. Akivitas antioksidan diuji dengan menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan pertumbuhan suspensi sel pada flash shaker dengan konsentrasi 10 mg/30 ml dan pada bioreaktor dengan sukrosa 35 g/l memberikan hasil yang paling optimal. Aktivitas antioksidan dari kultur suspensi sel memiliki nilai IC50 lebih baik dibandingkan tanaman induk yaitu 53.930 ppm, namun masih diktegorikan sangat lemah