A Comparative study to Assess the Effectiveness of Acupressure Vs Reflexology on Premenstrual Syndrome among Adolescent Girls in Selected Schools at Erode, Tamilnadu

A True experimental design was used to assess the effectiveness of acupressure Vs reflexology on premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in selected schools at Erode, Tamilnadu. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess the level of premenstrual syndrome among Experimental Group I of adolescent girls before and after acupressure. 2. To assess the level of premenstrual syndrome among Experimental Group II of adolescent girls before and after reflexology. 3. To determine the effectiveness of acupressure and reflexology on pre menstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in Experimental Group I and II. 4. To compare the effectiveness of acupressure and reflexology on pre menstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in experimental group I and II. 5. To find out the association between post test scores of pre menstrual syndrome among experimental group I and II of adolescent girls with their demographic variables. The theoretical framework used in this study was based on Imogene King’s Goal Attainment theory. The sample size of the study was 250 adolescent girls, the instrument used for data collection were a structured interview to collect demographic variable. Assessment of level of premenstrual syndrome was measured by Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Acupressure (Experimental group I) and Reflexology (Experimental group II) was given to adolescent girls on individual basis. Assessment of Effectiveness of Acupressure and Reflexology on level of premenstrual syndrome was measured by using same pre test scale. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: ♦ Acupressure and reflexology is an intervention in reducing premenstrual syndrome as the pre test mean premenstrual syndrome score (161.98 ± 6.63, which is 81%) and (160.61± 7.15, which is 80%) was less than the post test mean premenstrual syndrome score (82.48 ± 4.23, which is 41%) and (76.74 ± 5.2, which is 38%) in experimental group I and II respectively. The calculated unpaired ‘t’ value (t= 21.91 and t = 23.46) was higher than the table value (t 124 = 1.980, p<0.05). ♦ There was a significant reduction in post test premenstrual syndrome score of adolescent girls in experimental group I than the post test premenstrual syndrome score of experimental group II. The computed ‘t’ value (t= 9.56) was greater than the table value (t 248 = 2.828, p<0.05) ♦ There is no significant association between post test premenstrual syndrome score with demographic variables of adolescent girls in experimental group I and II. ♦ There is significant association between post test premenstrual syndrome score with demographic variables of adolescent girls in experimental group I with education of parent and experimental group II with class (Standard). CONCLUSION: Acupressure and reflexology is an effective intervention to reduce the level of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls. But reflexology was more effective than acupressure on premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls. The result of the study showed that regular practice of acupressure and reflexology would be beneficial in reducing the premenstrual syndrome

A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding menarche and menstrual management among school girls in selected urban and rural schools at Coimbatore

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of my study was to assess the average age at menarche, assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme, compare and associate the knowledge, attitude and practice between rural and urban school girls. DESIGN: The quasi experimental pre test and post test design. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Non probability purposive sampling technique. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: modified weidenbach’s theory of helping art of clinical nursing. TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION: Structured self administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge, likert scale to assess the attitude, checklist to assess the practice. INTERVENTION: LCD teaching was given to both schools after pre test assessment. RESULTS: In rural school the average age at menarche was 12.11 and in the urban school 12.12 and it shows girls attained menarche at minimum age of 10 yrs. The paired t test value of pre test and post test of urban and rural school shows highly significant at p < 0.01 regarding knowledge, attitude and practice. The comparison between rural and urban school shows that it was significant in pre test of knowledge, attitude and practice but post test shows that there was no significant difference between post test attitude and practice. The association of rural school shows that there was significant association between types of family, BMI, family income at p < 0.05. In urban school there was no significant association between family incomes and there was significant association between types of family, BMI at p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: The study concluded after teaching programme there were a marked difference between the knowledge, attitude and practice among rural and urban school girls regarding menstrual management. The study highlights that as professionals we have to conduct this kind of school health programme to ensure the quality of health

A study to assess the effectiveness of jacobson muscle relaxation therapy on premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in C.S.I. Girls Higher Secondary School at Madurai

A study to assess the effectiveness of Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy on premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in C.S.I. Girls Higher Secondary School at Madurai for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nursing to the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai during the year 2018. BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome is a condition that affects a woman’s emotions, physical health, and behavior during certain days of the menstrual cycle, generally just before the menses. It is a very common condition and it affects up to 85% of menstruating women. OBJECTIVES: \ud 1. To assess the pretest and posttest level of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in control and experimental group. 2. To determine the effectiveness of Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy on premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in experimental group. 3. To find out the association between the level of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls with the selected demographic variables in control and experimental group. HYPOTHESES: H1: The mean posttest score of premenstrual syndrome is significantly lesser than the mean pretest score of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in experimental group. H2: The mean posttest score of premenstrual syndrome is significantly lesser in experimental group than the mean posttest score of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in control group. H3: There is a significant association between the level of premenstrual syndrome with the selected demographic variables in control and experimental group. METHODS: Quasi-experimental non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design was used to collect the data. A total of 60 adolescent girls in C.S.I Girls Higher Secondary School at Madurai were selected as control group (n=30) and experimental group (n=30) through non probability purposive sampling technique by using Premenstrual screening tool. Pretest was done by Modified Premenstrual Syndrome Scale. Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy was given for twenty eight days to the experimental group. Posttest was done on the twenty eighth day by using Modified Premenstrual Syndrome Scale. RESULTS: The obtained data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. • In control group, pretest mean score is (110 ± SD 15.1) and the posttest mean score is (109.13 ± SD 14.4), the mean difference is 1.1, obtained “t” value is 1.89 and the P value is 0.052 which is not statistically significant. • In experimental group, pretest pretest mean score is (111 ± SD 20.0) and the posttest mean score is (55.13 ± SD 9.55), the mean difference is 58.86, obtained “t” value is 15. 30 and the P value is <0.001*** which is statistically highly significant. • In control group posttest mean score is (109.13 ± SD 14.4) and experimental group posttest mean score is (55.13 ± SD 9.55), the mean difference is 54. • There is a highly significant improvement in the posttest mean score of premenstrual syndrome in experimental group than the control group [“t”= 17.09, P<0.001***]. The present study findings concluded that, Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy is effective in reducing premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: Most of the adolescent girls have moderate, severe and very severe level of premenstrual syndrome. • After the practice of Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy, level of premenstrual syndrome has decreased significantly in experimental group. • The findings indicate that, Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy can be administered to the school going adolescent girls in reducing the level of premenstrual syndrome since it is affordable, comfortable and effective without any side effects. • After the completion of the study, subjects in control group were taught about the Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy. RECOMMENDATION: Jacobson muscle relaxation therapy can be utilized in school setting to alleviate the premenstrual syndrome

Effectiveness of Acupressure in Relieving Pain and Distress related to Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls in Selected Schools at Kanyakumari District

A study to assess the effectiveness of acupressure in relieving pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls in selected schools at Kanyakumari district. The present study is conducted to make out the impact of acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the level of pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea before and after acupressure in control and experimental group of adolescent girls. 2. To assess the effectiveness of acupressure in relieving pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea among control and experimental group of adolescent girls. 3. To determine the level of satisfaction regarding acupressure among experimental group of adolescent girls 4. To find out the relationship between pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea among control and experimental group of adolescent girls before and after acupressure. 5. To find out the association between pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea with selected socio demographic variables among control and experimental group of adolescent girls. 6. To find out the association between pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea with selected menstrual variables among control and experimental group of adolescent girls. Methods The conceptual framework of the present study was developed based on the Roy’s adaptation model. The major study variables in the study were pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls in various dimensions before and after the implementation of acupressure therapy. Acupressure therapy is the therapy which facilitates circulation release muscle tension, and allows eventually flow of energy. Also it promotes the release of endorphins, which blocks the pain receptor to the brain. Thus it dilates the cervix and increases the efficiency of contraction. An acupressure point stimulates various sensory receptors which in turn stimulate nerves that transmit impulse to the brain. Brain release the body’s natural pain killing hormones (Neurotransmitters and endorphins). Endorphin plays a vital role in the functioning of hormonal system. By applying finger pressure, dispatches signal to spinal cord, mid brain and the pituitary axis, which results in release of substance such as enkephalin, dynorphin, serotonin, norepinephrine and beta endorphins into blood stream and cerebrospinal fluid thus alleviating pain. The data were collected from 260 adolescent girls who were randomly assigned to control and experimental group. The pre test pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea was assessed on the first second and third day of menstruation.. The post test 1 and 2 was done following two menstrual cycle after pre test for first three days of menstruation after acupressure. Acupressure was implemented only for the experimental group of adolescent girls for first 3 days of menstruation twice a day for 20 minutes and the level of satisfaction of intervention, were assessed after administration of acupressure. The tools used for data collection were socio demographic variables performa, menstrual variable performa, visual analog scale for pain and modified MMDQ. Rating scale for the level of satisfaction of intervention .Validity and reliability were established for the tools developed by the researcher. Pilot study was conducted with 26 adolescent girls. The main study data were collected from 130 adolescent girls in control group and 130 adolescent girls in experimental group were analyzed based on the objectives and hypothesis of the study. The analysis of data was done through an integrated system of computer programe known as statistical package for social science (SPSS- 20). MAJOR FINDINGS: Major Findings Socio Demographic Variables of Adolescent Girls Majority of the adolescent girls were in the age group of 16-17 yrs (62.3%, 60.8%), studying in 11th std (63.1%, 60.8%) belongs to Christian religion (64.6%, 57.7%), living in urban area (50.8%, 54.6%) in joint families (74.6%, 58.5%) non vegetarians (73.1%, 78.5%) and food craving for sweets (54.6%,) in control group and for salt (56.9%) in experimental group of adolescent girls respectively. Most of the mothers of adolescent girls are educated up to collegiate level (40.8%, 42.3%) in control and experimental group respectively. mothers’ occupation al status of adolescent girls as home makers (43.9%) in control group and private employees (35.4%) in experimental group. family monthly income of half of the adolescent girls was Rs 20000 to 40000 in control group (50%) and Rs 0.05 ). Whereas the experimental group of adolescent girls there was a significant difference (χ2=241.179, P0.05). Whereas in experimental group there was a significant difference (χ2=238.381, P0.05). But in Post-test 1 and post test -2, the calculated values were 174.303 and 195.945 which is higher than the table values, the two groups were statistically very highly significantly differed between them with the effect of acupressure (P<0.001). Hence this shows that the acupressure was effective in reducing menstrual pain among experimental adolescent girls on third day of menstruation. Effectiveness of Acupressure on Distress Related to Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls In the present study the test in different levels of control group on the first day of distress. The mean distress score on the pre- test was M= 65.8, SD= 4.4 and posttest 1 was M = 64.2, SD = 4.3. The mean distress score of post-test 1 and post- test 2 were M = 64.2, SD = 4.3 and M = 63.4, SD = 3.7. The mean distress score of pre-test through post- test 2 were M = 65.8, SD = 4.4 and M = 63.4, SD = 3.7. The paired “t” test value of 3.167 (p<0.01), 2.013 (p< 0.05) and 5.706 (p<0.001) were observed respectively. Hence it is concluded that the level of distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls in control group on the first day of menstruation during pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 was significant at various levels The effectiveness of acupressure in different levels within experimental group on the first day distress. The mean distresses score on pre- test to post- test 1 was M= 66.4, SD = 4.4 and M= 34.6, SD = 6.2, post-test 1 to post test 2 was M = 34.6, SD = 6.3 and M = 26.3, SD = 5.5 and pre-test to post- test 2 was M= 66.4, SD = 4.4 and M = 26. 3 SD = 5.4. The paired ‘t’ test value of 85.230, 22.522, 97.937 were significant at (p<0.001). Hence it is concluded that the acupressure is very highly effective in reducing distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. The three levels of test namely pre-test to post- test1, post- test1 to post- test2 and pre test to post-test2 were compared between the two groups on first day distress. The difference between the two group’s mean score were M =1.6, SD= 5.8 and M =31.8, SD = 4.2, M= 0.9, SD = 4.8 and M= 8.3, SD = 4.2, M = 2.5, SD = 4.8 and M = 40.1, SD = 4.7.The paired ‘t’ test value of 48.696, 13.258, 63.819 were significant at (p<0.001). Hence it was concluded that the acupressure is found to be very highly effective in reducing distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. It can be attributed to the effectiveness of acupressure on distress related to dysmenorrhea. Hence the Null hypothesis Ho1 there will be no significant difference in the effect of acupressure on pain related to dysmenorrhea was rejected. In the current study, the test in different levels of second day distress among the control group of adolescent girls. The mean distress score on the pre- test was M= 63.9, SD = 5.0 and post-test 1 was M= 62.0, SD = 4.0. The mean distress score of Post-test 1 and Post- test 2 were M = 62.0, SD = 4.0 and M = 59.7, SD = 4.3. The mean distress score of pre-test through post- test 2 were M= 63.9, SD = 5.0 and M= 59.7, SD= 4.3. The paired‘t’ test values were of 3.538 (p<0.01), 5.401 (p< 0.001) and 7.943 (p<0.001) respectively. Hence it was concluded that the level of distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls in control group on the second day was significant at various levels. The effectiveness of acupressure in different levels within experimental group of adolescents on the second day distress. The mean distress score on Pre- test to Posttest 1 was M= 64.7, SD = 5.2 and M = 30.5, SD = 6.0, Post-test 1 to Post test 2 was M = 30.5, SD = 6.0 and M = 23.2, SD = 5.1, Pre-test to Post- test 2 was M= 64.7, SD = 5.2 and M = 23.2, SD = 5.1. The Paired ‘t’ test value of 85.928, 17.707, 88.948 were significant at (p<0.001). Hence it was concluded that the acupressure is very highly effective in reducing distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescence girls. In the present study the three levels of tests namely Pre-test to Post- test1, Post- test1 to Post- test2 and Pre test to Post-test2 were compared between the two groups on second day distress. The difference between the two group’s mean score were M= 1.9, SD= 6.1 and M =34.2, SD = 4.2, M = 2.3, SD = 4.9 and M= 7.3, SD = 4.7, M = 4.2, SD = 6.1 and M = 41.5, SD = 5.3.The independent‘t’ test value of 50.565, 8.398, 48.310 were significant at (p<0.001) respectively. Hence it was concluded that the acupressure is very highly effective in reducing distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescence girls. It can be attributed to the effectiveness of acupressure on distress related to dysmenorrhea. Hence the Null hypothesis Ho1 there will be no significant difference in the effect of acupressure on pain related to dysmenorrhea was rejected. The tests in different levels of control group on the third day distress. The mean distress score on the Pre- test was M = 62.1, SD = 4.7 and Post-test 1 was M = 58.6, SD = 4.1. The mean distress score of Post-test 1 and Post- test 2 were M = 58.6, SD = 4.1 and M = 56.7, SD = 4.2. The mean distress score of Pre-test through Post- test 2 were M = 62.1, SD = 4.7 and M= 56.7, SD = 4.2. The Paired “t” test values of 6.040 (p<0.01), 4.517 (p< 0.001) and 10.125(p<0.001). Hence it is interpreted that the level of distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls in control group on the 3rd day was significant at various levels. The effectiveness of acupressure in different levels within experimental group on the third day distress. The mean distress score on pre-test to post- test 1 was M = 63.2, SD = 5.0 and M = 26.1, SD = 5.7, Post-test 1 to Post test 2 was M = 26.1, SD = 5.7 and M = 19.6, SD = 4.1, Pre-test to Post- test 2 was M = 63.2, SD = 5.0 and M = 19.6, SD = 4.1. The paired‘t’ test values of 85.527, 18.462, 108.03 were significant at (p<0.001) respectively. Hence it is concluded that the acupressure is very highly effective in reducing distress related to dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. In the current study the three levels of test namely Pre-test to Post- test1, Posttest1 to Post- test2 and Pre test to Post-test2 were compared between the two groups on third day distress. The difference between the two group’s mean score in Pre test and Post test 1 were M = 3.4, SD = 6.6 , M = 37.1, SD = 4.9, Post test 1 and Post test 2 were M = 1.9, SD = 4.8, M = 6.5, SD = 4.0, Pre test and Post test 2 were M = 5.4, SD = 6.1 and M = 43.7, SD = 4.6.The paired ‘t’ test value of 47.252, 8.428, 57.716 were significant at (p<0.001) respectively. The results can be attributed to the effectiveness of acupressure upon reducing distress related to dysmenorrhea. Hence the Null hypothesis H01 there will be no significant difference in the effect of acupressure on distress related to dysmenorrhea was rejected. Relationship between Pain and Distress Related to Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls Before and After Acupressure In the present study there is positive relationship between the pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea of control and experimental groups of adolescent girls in different occasions on first day of menstruation. The co-relation among the control group of adolescents was found to be positive in Pre test ( r = .886) in Post test 1 ( r =.807) and Post test 2 ( r = .904). The same finding was seen among experimental group of adolescents in pre test (r = .894) post test 1 (r = .899) and Post test-2 (r = .866). In all the occasions, the relationships were statistically very highly significant (P<0.001). i.e. The pain and distress were positively correlated, when the pain increased distress also increased in both control and experimental groups of adolescents on the first day of menstruation. The relationship between the pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea of control and experimental group of adolescent girls on second day of menstruation. The correlation was found to be positive in the Pre test (r = .936), Post test 1 (r =.752) and Post test 2 (r = .821) among the control group of adolescents. In experimental group also the positive correlation was revealed in Pre test ( r = .901), Post test 1 (r = .891) and Post test-2 (r =.944). In all the occasions, the relationships were statistically very highly significant (P<0.001).i.e. the menstrual pain and distress were positively correlated, when the pain increased the distress also increased among the control and adolescent group of adolescents on the second day of menstruation. Relationship between the pain and distress related to dysmenorrhea of control and experimental group adolescent girls on third day of menstruation. The pre test in control group revealed r = .889, in Post test 1 the r =.819 and in Post test 2 the r = .893, a po

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise on Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls at Selected College, Coimbatore

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY : After menarche many adolescent girls face problems of irregular menstruation, excessive bleeding, and dysmenorrhoea. Of these, dysmenorrhoea is one of the common problem experienced by most of the adolescent girls. Dysmenorrhoea is quite frequent and may affect the daily activities especially during the early years of adolescence. Primary dysmenorrhoea (PD) is one type of painful menstruation. Because of recent concerns about pharmacological therapy, several studies investigated the efficacy of numerous non pharmacological measures for the relief of dysmenorrhoea such as aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls. METHODS : The research design adopted was Pre experimental one group pretest posttest design. The sample size was 40 adolescent girls in PSG College of Nursing. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Those who were fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for this study. The menstrual symptoms assessment questionnaire was used to assess the degree of dysmenorrhoea. Pretest data were collected during menstruation for 5 days using menstrual symptoms assessment questionnaire. Posttest I and posttest II data were collected on two consecutive menstrual cycles for 5 days. From 7th day of menstruation aerobic exercise was administered 40 minutes/day an alternative days up to 7 weeks for two consecutive menstrual cycles. RESULTS : Posttest I revealed that among 40 students, more than half of the students 29 (72.5%) was not affected by primary dysmenorrhoea in their daily activities, and posttest II majority of the students 36 (90%) was not affected by primary dysmenorrhoea in their daily activities. Posttest I more than half of the students 27 (67.5%) had no physiological symptoms, and posttest II majority of the students 36 (90%) had no physiological symptoms, Posttest I most of the students 32 (80%) had no psychological symptoms, and posttest II majority of the students 38 (95%) had no psychological symptoms, Posttest I majority of the students 33 (82.5%) had no pain, posttest II most of the students 39 (97.5%) had no pain. Correlation between the menstrual characteristics with menstrual symptoms among adolescent girls. r=0.7 for age at menarche was found to be positive correlation it betokens the early age of attained menarche having more influence on primary dysmenorrhoea symptoms, r=0.87 for characteristics of bleeding was found to be positive correlation it betokens the blood with clots during menstruation having more influence on primary dysmenorrhoea symptoms. There was no correlation in the duration of menstrual cycle (r=0.32) and number of days of menstruation (r=-0.08). There was no significant association between the degree of dysmenorrhoea and selected demographic variables like age, education, type of family, family income and family history of dysmenorrhoea, age of menarche, duration of menstrual cycle, number of days of menstruation, and characteristics of bleeding. CONCLUSION : Dysmenorrhoea is a very common problem among adolescent girls and they experience a number of physical, and psychological symptoms associated with it. Aerobic exercise was a one of the effective, inexpensive measure to reduce the primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls. The study concludes that Aerobic exercise as physical activity is significant in reducing the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhoea during menstruation among adolescent girls

What is known about adolescent dysmenorrhoea in (and for) community health settings?

Introduction: Dysmenorrhoea affects many adolescents with significant impacts on education and well-being. In the UK, most of the adolescents who seek care (and many never do), will do so through general practice (primary care). Knowing how best to care for adolescents reporting menstrual pain is an area where UK general practitioners would like better guidance and resources. Methods: This mixed-methods narrative synthesis collates community and specialist evidence from 320 papers about adolescent dysmenorrhoea, with a UK general practice community health perspective. Results: We report a narrative summary of symptoms, cause, consequences and treatments for adolescent dysmenorrhoea. We highlight areas of tension or conflicted evidence relevant to primary care alongside areas of uncertainty and research gaps identified through this synthesis with input from lived experience advisers Discussion: There is little evidence about primary care management of adolescent dysmenorrhoea or specific resources to support shared-decision making in general practice, although there are evidence-based treatments to offer. Primary care encounters also represent potential opportunities to consider whether the possibility of underlying or associated health conditions contributing to symptoms of dysmenorrhoea, but there is little epidemiological evidence about prevalence from within community health settings to inform this. The areas where there is little or uncertain evidence along the care journey for adolescent dysmenorrhoea, including at the interface between experience and expression of symptoms and potential underlying contributory causes warrant further exploration. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPEROFILES/256458_STRATEGY_20210608.pdf, identifier (CRD42021256458)

Effectiveness of Jacobson’s Relaxation Technique on Dysmenorrhea among the Adolescent Girls

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation of sufficient magnitude so as to incapacitate day to day activities which is manifested by cramping pain on the ovulatory cycles along with nausea, vomiting, fatigue and fainting. It affects 17% - 80% in global level. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of Jacobson’s relaxation technique on dysmenorrhea among school going adolescent girls in selected schools at Madurai. METHODOLOGY: Assessment of pain was done by Visual Analogue Scale. Jacobson’s relaxation technique was given for 30 minutes twice a day on the day of menstruation. DESIGN: Quasi- experimental non equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design was used. SETTINGS: The students studying in IXth standard of two sections were selected 30 in experimental group and 30 in control group from CSI Girls Higher Secondary School at Madurai. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS : Analysis was done by using Percentage, Chi square test. RESULT : The mean post test dysmenorrhea score 4.33 of the experimental group was lower than the mean post test dysmenorrhea score 7.5 of the control group with a ‘t’ value of 9.52 . There was significant reduction in post test level of dysmenorrhea score, in the experimental group compared to the control group, (MD- 3.17 P<0.001). There was there was no association between post test dysmenorrhea score and selected demographic variables. CONCLUSION : Most of the adolescent girls suffer from dysmenorrhea. Jacobson’s relaxation technique was effective in reducing the level of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls

A study to assess the effectiveness of pelvic rocking exercise in primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent school girls at Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Chennai

INTRODUCTION: Childbirth is one of the most important events in a woman’s life. The wonder of motherhood is the enjoyable journey that is felt only by the mother after giving birth of rebirth by giving birth to a child. A mother, even though she is born earlier in this world, perceives an experience. postnatal period is the most vulnerable period for the mother and the newborn baby. Many mothers experience physiological, psychological and social changes during this period. There are many types of postnatal ailments experienced by the mother such as after pains, irregular vaginal bleeding, leucorrhoea, cervical ectopy (erosion), backache, retroversion of the uterus, anaemia, breast problems and episiotomy discomforts. During post natal period , mothers experience numerous physiological and psychological changes. Main changes occur for uterus is involution of the uterus and descent of the fundus. Involution begins immediately after the delivery of the placenta. During involution uterine muscles contracts firmly around the maternal blood vessels at the area where the placenta is attached. This contraction controls bleeding from the area when the placenta is separated. These uterine contractions called after pains. After pains refers to the infrequent, spasmodic pain felt in the lower abdomen after delivery for a variable period of 2-4 days. These abdominal cramps are caused by postpartum contractions of the uterus as it shrinks back to its pre-pregnancy size and location. Presence of blood clots or bits of the afterbirth leads to hypertonic contractions of the uterus in an attempt to expel them. The uterus loses muscle tone during subsequent pregnancies due to its contraction-relaxation cycle and causes after pains, and is vigorous pain in multiparous woman. Most of the post natal women had after pains. So it was found important to reduce the after pains and hastened the process of involution of uterus. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of prone kegel exercise and prone position on after pains and involution of uterus among post natal mothers. The main objectives of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the after pain and involution of uterus after administration of kegel exercise and prone position to the experimental group and to compare the pre and post test level of after pains and involution of uterus among experimental group and control group of postnatal mothers. Research design chosen for this study was Quasi experimental design, two group pre test and post test design. The conceptual frame work used for this study is a open system model based on general system model approach developed by Ludwig Von Bertanlanffy (1968) and modified by J. W.Kenny. The tool used for the study includes questionnaire to assess the level of after pains pain by numerical pain scale and involution of uterus assessed by measuring the fundal height. In control group-level of after pains and involution of uterus will be assessed every day morning and evening for 3days through numerical pain rating scale and clinical proforma and also routine care provided. In experimental group –Pre intervention pain score and involution of uterus will be assessed among postnatal mothers through numerical pain rating scale and measuring the fundal height each day morning before giving interventions. Process to making the subjects to do kegel exercise for 10seconds for 3 times a day, 10repetitions each time for three days and also made to lie in prone position for 3-5 minutes for 3times a day at 30 minutes interval, 3repetition each time for three days. The post intervention pain score and involution of uterus will be assessed by the same tools each day. In control group routine care was provided. The obtained data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics using chi-square and students independent t test. The study revealed that kegel exercise and prone position have significant reduction of after pains as t` test value = 15.12 significant at p= 0.00 level and improvement of involution of uterus as t` value= 9.54 significant at p = 0.001 level

A Prevalence of Dysmenorrhea and its Correlating Lifestyle Factors among Female Students in Private Educational Institutions

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 73% among the 17-25 year students in the present study. • Dysmenorrhea often associated with limitation in daily activities, and the affected students expressed poor satisfication with their academic performance during the periods when they exhibited the symptoms. • Researchers and health care providers should consider about the primary dysmenorrhea as a highly prevalent gynaecological complaint and intervention studies give due attention to the factors to reduce the intensity of pain. • It would also seem that if mothers family history significantly affects the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea, certain amount of reassurance on the part of the mothers can go a long way in helping their daughters cope with the discomforts that accompany primary dysmenorrhea. • The short sleeping hours, skipping breakfast and may associated life style factors are the risk factors for dysmenorrhea. • Therefore, strategies should be designed for early detection of the problems and management through change in students life style like promoting regular physical exercise reduced negative effect of the primary dysmenorrhea. It is concluded that developing educational programs for effective dysmenorrhea management to decrease symptoms would be beneficial for female students and may improve their study performance and social relationship. LIMITATIONS • The study was conducted in a small group. Because menstruation-related problems are a considered as ‘taboo’ in our study population. This results of which were evaluated according to the students self reports. • Therefore, the results of the study cannot be generalized. However it is thought that it will be source for prospective studies associated with dysmenorrhea. • We also could not discrimate between primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, so pain related to periods was considered as a whole. • Women were randomly selected, but some did not complete the questionnaire. This may have had an impact on the reported prevalence of the diseases

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in urban India

This thesis research focuses on urban women in India diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a complex metabolic, endocrine and reproductive disorder affecting approximately 5-10% of the female population in developed countries. The prevalence of PCOS is on the rise in developing nations like India, which are undergoing rapid nutritional transitions due to Westernized diets and lifestyle. However, less appreciated in the literature are the developmental psychosocial impacts for women diagnosed with PCOS, especially in developing countries. Thus, the goal of my thesis research was to contribute to the small but growing literature by investigating psychosocial dimensions of women with PCOS in the developing urban areas of Delhi, India. Using a mixed method case-control study design, I investigated gender identity, psychological general health and well being (PGWB), and body image. A total of 65 (33 PCOS, 32 control) urban Indian woman from Delhi NCR (National Capital Region) were recruited from a North Delhi gynecology clinic, and by word of mouth. All 65 women completed the survey, 5 of them (3 PCOS, 2 control) completed the semi-structured interview, and 4 of those 5 allowed me to complete participant observation with them. No statistical differences between PCOS and control groups were observed for the quantitative measures of the survey once body mass index, waist circumference and other covarying demographic variables were controlled for. However, the qualitative results suggest a more complex illustration of possible psychosocial differences between PCOS and control participants, especially in regard to body image. Despite intriguing qualitative results, more nuanced and in-depth quantitative and qualitative work is needed to verify whether urban Indian women with PCOS contend with discrete biopsychosocial trajectories of health and well-being. Future research is warranted on cross-cultural conceptualization of PCOS as well as the relevance of marital status, geographic location, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle and attitudes about health to the psychosocial experience of PCOS