Elicitor And Precursor Enhanced Production Of Limonene In Citrus Grandis (L) Osbeck Albedo Tissue Cultures [QK725. T366 2008 f rb].

Kesan ekstrak yis sebagai elisitor bersama linalool dan asid mevalonik (MVA) sebagai prekursor telah dikaji pada kepekatan dan masa pengkulturan yang berbeza untuk menentukan pertumbuhan tisu dan penghasilan limonene/linalool ke atas tisu albedo Citrus grandis Osbeck. The effects of yeast extract as an elicitor together with linalool and mevalonic acid (MVA) as precursors were studied at various concentrations and time period to determine tissue growth and limonene/linalool production on Citrus grandis Osbeck albedo tissues

Functional antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties of extracts of Taiwanese pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck)

In recent years, the overproduction of citrus fruits has resulted in an unnecessary increase in agricultural wastes in Taiwan. In an attempt to find an application for these potentially valuable wastes, we evaluated the antioxidant and whitening properties of six Taiwanese pummelo varieties (Miyu Shihtouyu Taipeiyu Touyu Wentan and Hsishihyu). The methanolic extract of Citrus grandis Osbeck Miyu (Miyu) had the highest phenolic content (9.99 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g). C. grandis Osbeck Shihtouyu (Shihtouyu) displayed the highest 2, 2-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) content (9.3 mg trolox equivalent antioxidant content/g), indicating its good free radical-scavenging activity. C. grandis Osbeck Taipeiyu (Taipeiyu) showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl content and this compound too possesses good radical-scavenging activity. The ferrous-ion chelating effect of C. grandis Osbeck Touyu (Touyu) and C. grandis Osbeck Wentan (Wentan) was found to be 0.78 and 0.92 mg/ml, respectively. Taipeiyu showed the highest limonin content (1251.86 μg/ml). Touyu inhibited tyrosinase up to 90.8% (10 mg/ml), which was almost similar to the 95% inhibition shown by kojic acid (10 mg/ml). Thus, the components of pummelo have high potential for use as ingredients in products that prevent skin pigmentation. These results indicate that the methanolic extracts and the phytochemicals derived from pummelo are potential natural antioxidant agents.Key words: Antioxidant, free radical chelating, limonin, pummelo, tyrosinase

Report of new invasive scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Monophlebidae) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae), on the islands of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia, with an updated taxonomic key to iceryine scale insects of South America

The multicicatrices fluted scale, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) is reported from the islands of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia, as a recent invasive species. This scale insect is polyphagous, and attacks numerous plants of economic importance such as avocado, breadfruit, mango, papaya and tropical ornamental plants. A compiled list of 95 host plant species of C. multicicatrices is given. A diagnosis of the adult female of C. multicicatrices and a revised taxonomic key to the species of the tribe Iceryini (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) known from South America is provided. The pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), also is reported for the first time from the island of San Andres, where it is found commonly on Hibiscus spp. and Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. The need for the implementation of a classical biological control program in the archipelago in order to control invasive scale insect pests is discussed.Se reporta la cochinilla acanalada Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) en la Isla de San Andrés, Colombia, como una reciente especie invasora. Este insecto escama es polífago y ataca numerosas plantas de importancia económica como el aguacate, árbol del pan, coco, mango, papaya y plantas tropicales ornamentales. Se provee una lista de 95 plantas hospederas de C. multicicatrices. Se provee una diagnosis de la hembra adulta de C. multicicatrices y se incluye una clave taxonómica revisada para las especies actualmente incluidas en la tribu Iceryini (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) de Sur América. Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) también se reporta por primera vez para la isla de San Andrés, donde se encuentra comúnmente sobre Hibiscus spp. y Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Se discute la necesidad de implementar un programa de control biológico clásico en el archipiélago para el control de insectos escama plagas invasores

Kajian Waktu Strangulasi Terhadap Pembungaan Jeruk Pamelo ‘Cikoneng\u27 (Citrus Grandis (L.) Osbeck)

An Assessment Time of Strangulation on Flowering Induction of Pummelo ‘Cikoneng\u27 (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck). Field assessment was conducted at Farmer\u27s Field Bantarmara Village, Cisarua, Sumedang region, West Java from August 2007 to May 2008, to determine the effect of different strangulation times on flowering induction of Pummelo during flowering-off season. Three strangulation times (1,2 and 3 months after harvest, MAH) were arranged in randomized complete block design with 6 (six) replications. An assessment results showed that strangulation at 3 MAH effectively induced flowering appearance (83%) and increased numbers of generative shoots, flowering cluster, bud, blooming, fruit formation and fruit setting. On the other hand, all treated plants had higher C/N ration than control. Kajian lapang dilaksanakan di Tanah Petani (TP) Bantarmara, kecamatan Cisarua, kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat dari bulan Agustus 2007 sampai Mei 2008, untuk melihat waktu strangulasi yang tepat untuk menginduksi bunga diluar musim. Tiga waktu strangulasi (1, 2 dan 3 bulan setelah panen, BSP) disusun menurut rancangan acak kelompok dan 6 (enam) ulangan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa waktu strangulasi 3 BSP cukup efektif menginduksi jumlah muncul bunga (83%), tetapi mempengaruhi jumlah tunas generative, kluster bunga, kuncup bunga, bunga mekar, buah terbentuk dan fruit set masing-masing 32,67; 28,17; 220,00; 143.33; 61,17 dan 39,02%. Di samping itu, rasio C/N daun pada semua perlakuan lebih tinggi dari control

Isolation And Sequence Analysis Of Candidate Cdna Involved In Carotenoid Biosynthesis In The Flavedo Tissue Of Pummelo (Citrus Grandis L. Osbeck)

Citrus grandis L. Osbeck (pummelo) was recognized as one of the potential fruit to be commercialized under the goal of the Third National Agricultural Plan’s (DPN3, 1998-2010). However, the pale yellowish green colour of C. grandis fruit flavedo rendered is unattractive and has less market demand compared to other citrus vaireties. Carotenoid biosynthesis has been well studied and recognized to be the main pathway which contributes to the formation of colour in the flavedo of most citrus fruit. However, there is still limited information currently available on carotenoid biosynthesis in green pigmented citrus fruit flavedo. To increase the market demand, locally and overseas, there is a need to modify the colour of C. grandis from pale yellowish green to more attractive colour like other citrus. Therefore, the study was initiated to explore the possibility of modifying fruit flavedo colour through the use of molecular techniques. Thus, it is necessary to isolate and sequence the genes involved in carotenoid pathway of green flavedo of citrus fruit. In this study, comparative analysis of the sequences isolated from the gene of green flavedo will be compared with orange pigmented citrus, other plants and bacteria which contain high carotenoids. The study began with tagging of open pollinated flowers (that showed indication of fruit formation to ensure the right stage of maturation), followed by genomic DNA and total RNA isolation prior to further molecular analyses, such as PCR and RTPCR. The primers used in this study were designed based on the sequence information obtained from the Genbank database. The four genes which are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and responsible for the orange pigmentation in citrus fruit viz. phytoene synthase (psy, 0.46 kb), phytoene desaturase (pds, 1.11 kb), lycopene β-cyclase (lyc, 0.70 kb) and β-carotene hydroxylase (chx, 0.23 kb), were isolated via PCR and RTPCR. From sequence analysis, psy, pds, lyc and chx showed high similarities with the corresponding genes in citrus varieties, Prunus armeniaca and Capsicum annuum. A full sequence of chx gene was isolated from cDNA library of C. grandis fruit flavedo. The 1268 bp of chx gene consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 271 codons (mass of 65.8 kD) and 170-nucleotide 5’ untranslated sequences was isolated. Compared to other organisms, seven histidine residues which were present in C. grandis chx were also found to be conserved in Alcaligenes sp (accession no. D58422), Agrobacterium aurianticum (accession no. D58420), Erwinia herbicola (accession no. M87280) and Pseudomonas putida (accession no. KT2440 NP_745389). ‘Motif 1’ and the predicted ‘TM helix’ regions were also observed in C. grandis when compared to Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 CrtL-ε (CAE19092), Lycopersicon esculentum Lcy-ε (O65837), Tagetes erecta Lcy-ε (AAG10428), Capsicum annuum Lcy-β (Q43415) and Arabidopsis thaliana Lcy-β (AAA81880). In conclusion, psy, pds, lyc and a full length of chx have been successfully isolated the flavedo of C. grandis.The sequences of these genes were found to be highly conserved with the corresponding gene in other plants especially in citrus varieties

Maximum parsimony based resolution of inter-species phylogenetic relationships in citrus l. (Rutaceae) using its of rDNA

The present study aims to analyse phylogenetic relationships, using internal transcribed spacer sequence data of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), across 24 Citrus species and close relatives by the evaluation of several parameters such as nucleotide substitution (r), nucleotide diversity (π) and the estimated values of transition/transversion bias (R). The observed results indicated the presence of a wide divergence pattern of rDNA in subfamily Aurantioideae. Maximum parsimony (MP) analysis inferred divergence pattern in the Citrus genus. We observed seven strongly supported clades among the subfamily Aurantioideae. We postulate that the present investigation provides a more robust topology of Citrus and its close relatives, which can significantly prove as an additional support to resolve the phylogenetic relationships in Citrus genera. Therefore, sequences of noncoding regions should exhibit more phylogenetically informative sites than the coding regions do, which is in accordance with the present study

Pollinic characterization of species of the botanic family Rutaceae Juss. Caracterização polínica de espécies da família botânica Rutaceae Juss.

Species of the family Rutaceae Juss are used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, for their edible fruits and multiple medicinal properties. Aiming to complete the characterization of commercially important fruit species grown in Brazil, of melissopalynological interest, the following species were analyzed: Citrus deliciosa Ten., C. grandis (L.) Osbeck, C. limettioides Tan., C. limon (L.) Burm, C. paradisi Macfad., Citrus x sinensis var. açucar (L.) Osbeck x Citrus sinensis var. sanguinea (Engl.) Engl. and Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle. The pollen grains were prepared by acetolysis method for permanent slides. The pollen grains of all species showed up in monads, isopolars, with reticulate exine, prolate-spheroidal predominant form, mainly under circular and rectangular ambitus, radial and bilateral symmetry, average size, exine thickness from 1.68 to 3.20 μm, number of apertures between 3 to 5. Variations in relation to characterization of the group may be related to changes due to random or purposeful crosses for selection and improvement of crop plants. Keywords: Bee plant; citrus; pollen; slide collection

Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review

[EN] The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis (pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia (bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species, most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C. bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.This work was supported in part by the European Commission Horizon 2020 program TRADITOM grant 634561 and TomGEM grant 679796 to JR and AG.González-Mas, M.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; López-Gresa, MP.; Blazquez, M.; Granell Richart, A. (2019). Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00012S11810Abreu, I., Da Costa, N. C., van Es, A., Kim, J.-A., Parasar, U., & Poulsen, M. L. (2017). Natural Occurrence of Aldol Condensation Products in Valencia Orange Oil. Journal of Food Science, 82(12), 2805-2815. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13948Ahmed, M., Arpaia, M. L., & Scora, R. W. (2001). Seasonal Variation in Lemon (Citrus limonL. Burm. f) Leaf and Rind Oil Composition. 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Control of Portulaca oleracea by boldo and lemon essential oils in different soils. Industrial Crops and Products, 76, 515-521. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.019Bonaccorsi, I. L., McNair, H. M., Brunner, L. A., Dugo, P., & Dugo, G. (1999). Fast HPLC for the Analysis of Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds of Citrus Essential Oils†. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(10), 4237-4239. doi:10.1021/jf990417sBoussaada, O., & Chemli, R. (2006). Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Flowers, Leaves and Peel of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 9(2), 133-139. doi:10.1080/0972060x.2006.10643484Boussaada, O., Skoula, M., Kokkalou, E., & Chemli, R. (2007). Chemical Variability of Flowers, Leaves, and Peels Oils of Four Sour Orange Provenances. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 10(6), 453-464. doi:10.1080/0972060x.2007.10643579Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, R. J., & Forster, P. I. (2001). The Leaf Oils of the Australian Species ofCitrus(Rutaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(4), 264-268. doi:10.1080/10412905.2001.9699690Buettner, A., Mestres, M., Fischer, A., Guasch, J., & Schieberle, P. (2003). Evaluation of the most odour-active compounds in the peel oil of clementines (citrus reticulata blanco cv. clementine). European Food Research and Technology, 216(1), 11-14. doi:10.1007/s00217-002-0586-yCannon, R. J., Kazimierski, A., Curto, N. L., Li, J., Trinnaman, L., Jańczuk, A. J., … Chen, M. Z. (2015). Identification, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Sulfur-Containing Volatile Compounds from the In-Depth Analysis of Lisbon Lemon Peels (Citrus limonL. Burm. f. cv. Lisbon). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(7), 1915-1931. doi:10.1021/jf505177rCarbonell-Caballero, J., Alonso, R., Ibañez, V., Terol, J., Talon, M., & Dopazo, J. (2015). A Phylogenetic Analysis of 34 Chloroplast Genomes Elucidates the Relationships between Wild and Domestic Species within the GenusCitrus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(8), 2015-2035. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv082Casilli, A., Decorzant, E., Jaquier, A., & Delort, E. (2014). Multidimensional gas chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and olfactometry for the volatile analysis of citrus hybrid peel extract. Journal of Chromatography A, 1373, 169-178. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.023Chen, Y., Wu, J., Xu, Y., Fu, M., & Xiao, G. (2014). Effect of Second Cooling on the Chemical Components of Essential Oils from Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(35), 8786-8790. doi:10.1021/jf501079rCheong, M. W., Chong, Z. S., Liu, S. Q., Zhou, W., Curran, P., & Bin Yu. (2012). Characterisation of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa). Part I: Volatiles, aromatic profiles and phenolic acids in the peel. Food Chemistry, 134(2), 686-695. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.162Cheong, M.-W., Liu, S.-Q., Yeo, J., Chionh, H.-K., Pramudya, K., Curran, P., & Yu, B. (2011). Identification of Aroma-Active Compounds in Malaysian Pomelo (Citrus grandis(L.) Osbeck) Peel by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(6), 34-42. doi:10.1080/10412905.2011.9712279Cheong, M.-W., Loke, X.-Q., Liu, S.-Q., Pramudya, K., Curran, P., & Yu, B. (2011). Characterization of Volatile Compounds and Aroma Profiles of Malaysian Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Blossom and Peel. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(2), 34-44. doi:10.1080/10412905.2011.9700445Chisholm, M. G., Jell, J. A., & Cass, D. M. (2003). Characterization of the major odorants found in the peel oil ofCitrus reticulata Blanco cv. Clementine using gas chromatography-olfactometry. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(4), 275-281. doi:10.1002/ffj.1188Chisholm, M. G., Wilson, M. A., & Gaskey, G. M. (2003). Characterization of aroma volatiles in key lime essential oils (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(2), 106-115. doi:10.1002/ffj.1172Choi, H.-S. (2003). Characterization ofCitrus unshiu(C. unshiuMarcov. formaMiyagawa-wase) Blossom Aroma by Solid-Phase Microextraction in Conjunction with an Electronic Nose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(2), 418-423. doi:10.1021/jf0114280Choi, H.-S. (2003). Character Impact Odorants ofCitrusHallabong [(C. unshiuMarcov ×C. sinensisOsbeck) ×C. reticulataBlanco] Cold-Pressed Peel Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(9), 2687-2692. doi:10.1021/jf021069oChoi, H.-S. (2005). Characteristic Odor Components of Kumquat (Fortunella japonicaSwingle) Peel Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5), 1642-1647. doi:10.1021/jf040324xChoi, H.-S. (2006). Lipolytic Effects of Citrus Peel Oils and Their Components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(9), 3254-3258. doi:10.1021/jf052409jChoi, H.-S., Kondo, Y., & Sawamura, M. (2001). Characterization of the Odor-Active Volatiles in Citrus Hyuganatsu (Citrus tamuranaHort. ex Tanaka). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5), 2404-2408. doi:10.1021/jf001467wChoi, H. S., Sawamura, M., & Kondo, Y. (2002). Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds of Citrus flaviculpus Hort. ex Tanaka by Aroma Extraction Dilution Analysis. Journal of Food Science, 67(5), 1713-1718. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08711.xChung, H., Chung, W.-Y., Yoo, E.-S., Cho, S. K., Oh, S.-K., & Kim, Y.-S. (2012). Characterization of volatile aroma-active compounds in Dangyooja (Citrus grandis Osbeck). Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 55(1), 133-136. doi:10.1007/s13765-012-0023-2Chung, M. S. (2012). Volatile compounds of the Hallabong (Citrus kiyomi × Citrus ponkan) blossom. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(1), 285-290. doi:10.1007/s10068-012-0038-9Cosimi, S., Rossi, E., Cioni, P. L., & Canale, A. (2009). Bioactivity and qualitative analysis of some essential oils from Mediterranean plants against stored-product pests: Evaluation of repellency against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Tenebrio molitor (L.). Journal of Stored Products Research, 45(2), 125-132. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2008.10.002Costa, R., Bisignano, C., Filocamo, A., Grasso, E., Occhiuto, F., & Spadaro, F. (2014). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition ofCitrus aurantifolia(Christm.) Swingle essential oil from Italian organic crops. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 26(6), 400-408. doi:10.1080/10412905.2014.964428Costa, R., Dugo, P., Navarra, M., Raymo, V., Dugo, G., & Mondello, L. (2010). Study on the chemical composition variability of some processed bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oils. 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