Medieval Manila: Life at the Dawn of the 20th Century

The Spanish established the city of Manila upon similar principles used tofound medieval European cities. However, Manila by the dawn of the 20thcentury was already an antiquated and obsolete human settlement. Thispaper depicts the crude life people endured inside the city, comparableto conditions in the medieval cities of Western Europe centuries before.It will establish that Manila was underdeveloped and poorly maintaineddespite three centuries of Spanish rule. This paper explores the lifeboth of the elite and of the ordinary resident of the Walled City, focusingon the aspects of house design, the social graces, urban problems,transportation, and communication

Urban Mobility and a Healthy City: Intertwined Transport and Public Health Policies in American-Colonial Manila

During the early American-colonial period (1898–1913) mobility and public health became intertwined policy areas. Innovations in transport technology and infrastructure were introduced to “cure” Manila’s unhealthy geography. In 1906 the Municipal Board institutionalized health and mobility as twin concerns by establishing the Department of Sanitation and Transportation. Intertwining health and mobility seemed rational for colonial governance, but its irrationalities soon came to light. In dissecting this understudied aspect of American colonialism, thisarticle provides new insights not just on the links between empire and technology but also on the concept of the colonial city as applied to early–twentieth-century Manila.Keywords: urban transportation • tropical medicine • municipal governance • colonial cit

The role of highways and land carriage in Tsarist Russia.

Despite the fact that a system of paved and unpaved roads evolved, land transportation was less than satisfactory. Traveling and land carriage were slow, tedious, and expensive. The effects of rasputitsa (season of the mud) were a significant impediment to uninterrupted land transportation. An immense amount of capital, labor, and resources went into land carriage and a minimum amount into highway construction. Every facet of Russian society was touched in some manner by ground transportation ability. The effects of roads and and highways in inhibiting the modernization of Tsardom was of great significance.Russia was not a roadless nation-state. On the contrary, it was a country with public highways and post-roads, divided into categories, each with specific construction codes and maintenance procedures. An intricate bureaucracy was spawned to supervise and manage these roads and highways. The decision to collapse distances and increase transport efficiency with steam railways was a significant development. Macadam surfaces declined precipitously, never to recover.The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the role, influences, and effects of highways over land carriage in the development of the Old Russian economy. For centuries, Russia had few choices but to transport merchandise by land routes. In summer and winter, small animal-drawn vehicles and sleds carried the goods of the empire to local and distant markets

Michelin: the Phoenix of French Modernity in the Twentieth Century

This article looks at the cultural and economical effects of the Michelin Tire Company during the twentieth century. It analyzes the role that Michelin played in reinventing Frances culture as a center for sophistication and modernization. This paper looks at the aspects of modernity in colonialism and French nationality as well as the Michelin Tire Company\u27s fight to rejuvenate the nation\u27s cultural notions of travel and leisure. From their humble french beginnings to their international corporation this thesis shows the Michelin Tire Company\u27s role in modernizing France to its new founded glory

Transport for Early Modern London: London\u27s Transportation Environment and the Experience of Movement, 1500-1800

This dissertation investigates two closely related topics regarding London\u27s transportation environment. The first was to determine the shape of early modern London\u27s transportation infrastructure and determine who was responsible for its design, construction and maintenance. The second goal was to investigate the experiences of those moving about the city. In some cases, it was possible to find substantive information on London\u27s transport milieu; for example, the number of gates and the size of the wall surrounding the city from Stow\u27s 1598 Survey of London or the rules regarding street cleaning in London\u27s Letter Books. In most cases, however, it was necessary to tease bits of information from the comments left in many other sources. Thus, we figuratively listen to Samuel Pepys remark on walking in some of London\u27s muddy streets; Donald Lupton on the experience of being splashed by a coach, or John Gay on the dangers of walking at night. This dissertation then combined these comments with the information in the city\u27s official records to weave a narrative of using the transport assets of London in the seventeenth century. The result: this dissertation found that London\u27s transportation environment was remarkably sophisticated with rules surrounding both the construction and the use of transportation assets, along with those regarding oversight. All of which had to continue to evolve to deal with London\u27s phenomenal growth in population and wealth in the seventeenth through the eighteenth century

Innovative, effective and sustainable technology and logistics for forest residual biomass

Luken kirjat, raportit, oppaat ja esitteet. Summary of the INFRES project results201