53,636 research outputs found

    The Sex and Race Specific Relationship between Anthropometry and Body Fat Composition Determined from Computed Tomography: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

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    BackgroundFew studies have investigated the relationship of anthropometric measurements with computed tomography (CT) body fat composition, and even fewer determined if these relationships differ by sex and race.MethodsCT scans from 1,851 participants in the population based Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were assessed for visceral and subcutaneous fat areas by semi-automated segmentation of body compartments. Regression models were used to investigate relationships for anthropometry with visceral and subcutaneous fat separately by sex and race/ethnicity.ResultsParticipants were 50% female, 41% Caucasian, 13% Asian, 21% African American, and 25% Hispanic. For visceral fat, the positive relationship with weight (p = 0.028), waist circumference (p<0.001), waist to hip ratio (p<0.001), and waist to height ratio (p = 0.05) differed by sex, with a steeper slope for men. That is, across the range of these anthropometric measures the rise in visceral fat is faster for men than for women. Additionally, there were differences by race/ethnicity in the relationship with height (p<0.001), weight (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.001), hip circumference (p = 0.006), and waist to hip ratio (p = 0.001) with the Hispanic group having shallower slopes. For subcutaneous fat, interaction by sex was found for all anthropometric indices at p<0.05, but not for race/ethnicity.ConclusionThe relationship between anthropometry and underlying adiposity differs by sex and race/ethnicity. When anthropometry is used as a proxy for visceral fat in research, sex-specific models should be used

    Collection of anthropometry from older and physically impaired persons: traditional methods versus TC2 3-D body scanner

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    With advances in technology it is now possible to collect a wide range of anthropometric data, to a high degree of accuracy, using 3D light-based body scanners. This gives the potential to speed up the collection of anthropometric data for design purposes, to decrease processing time and data input required, and to reduce error due to inaccuracy of measurements taken using more traditional methods and equipment (anthropometer, stadiometer and sitting height table). However, when the data collection concerns older and/or physically impaired people there are serious issues for consideration when deciding on the best method to collect anthropometry. This paper discusses the issues arising when collecting data using both traditional methods of data collection and a first use by the experimental team of the TC2 3D body scanner, when faced with a ‘non-standard’ sample, during an EPSRC funded research project into issues surrounding transport usage by older and physically impaired people. Relevance to industry: Designing products, environments and services so that the increasing ageing population, as well as the physically impaired, can use them increases the potential market. To do this, up-to-date and relevant anthropometry is often needed. 3D light-based bodyscanners offer a potential fast way of obtaining this data, and this paper discusses some of the issues with using one scanner with older and disabled people

    Study on the performance enhancement of biomedical implants: in vitro test under UV irradiation of titanium anodised in mixed electrolyte

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    Titanium (Ti) recently has widely been used in the biomedical applications due to its high performance. Therefore, surface modifications of titanium have attracted a lot of interest to provide better osseointegration. Ti was subjected to anodic oxidation process and in vitro testing to assess the bioactivity of titanium oxide (TiO2) coating. TiO2 coating has been anodised at room temperature in different electrolyte; in sulphuric acid (H2SO4); phosphoric acid (H3PO4); and a mixture of H2SO4 and H3PO4 acids. The parameters used in anodization were: concentration of the electrolytes, applied voltage and current density. The coated surface is then evaluated using different testing techniques; the microstructure using scanning electron microscope (SEM); the elemental analysis using Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX); mineralogical and crystal structure using x-ray diffraction (XRD); absorption analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR); and the hydrophilicity using water contact angle (WCA). TiO2 was then subjected in vitro testing to assess the bioactivity of TiO2 surface; that is the apatite formation ability. The apatite formation of the TiO2 coating was precipitated by using simulated body fluid (SBF) in the dark and under the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to mimic the reactions that may occur with the human bone-like cells layer. The testing was done to evaluate the apatite’s microstructure, mineralogy, elements and absorption. From the results it was found that higher apatite was obtained with the increased of the immersion time; higher apatite formation and crystallization was found at earlier time of immersion for the TiO2 that was immersed in SBF under the UV; higher apatite was obtained on the TiO2 coatings that were anodised in H2SO4, H3PO4 and mixture electrolyte at lower electrolyte concentration. The increased apatite on these coatings can be related to the strong Ti-O- functional groups on the coating surface. The highest apatite was obtained on the TiO2 coating that was anodised in a mixture electrolyte that has obtained Ti-OH functional group. The UV has resulted in the increased Ti-O- and Ti-OH groups, thus higher apatite precipitation ability

    Rise and fall of Achille de Giovanni\u2019s clinical anthropometry

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    Achille de Giovanni (1838-1916), Italian clinician and pathologist, developed a constitutional method for clinical investigations based on the morphology of the human body. He was the first to use anthropometry with living patients with the aim of evaluating the relationship between form and function, between organic structures, physiology and pathology, for understanding \u201cindividuality\u201d in a scientific way. His clinical anthropometry gained some popularity during his life, but was completely forgotten few decades after his death. By consequence, he can be considered a loser from the point of view of the long-term impact of his theories and practices, but at the same time, some of his ideas could be still valid today

    A literature review of the anthropometric studies of school students for ergonomics purposes: are accuracy, precision and reliability being considered?

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    BACKGROUND: Despite offering many benefits, direct manual anthropometric measurement method can be problematic due to their vulnerability to measurement errors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this literature review was to determine, whether or not the currently published anthropometric studies of school children, related to ergonomics, mentioned or evaluated the variables precision, reliability and/or accuracy in the direct manual measurement method. METHODS: Two bibliographic databases, and the bibliographic references of all the selected papers were used for finding relevant published papers in the fields considered in this study. RESULTS: Forty-six (46) studies met the criteria previously defined for this literature review. However, only ten (10) studies mentioned at least one of the analyzed variables, and none has evaluated all of them. Only reliability was assessed by three papers. Moreover, in what regards the factors that affect precision, reliability and accuracy, the reviewed papers presented large differences. This was particularly clear in the instruments used for the measurements, which were not consistent throughout the studies. Additionally, it was also clear that there was a lack of information regarding the evaluators’ training and procedures for anthropometric data collection, which are assumed to be the most important issues that affect precision, reliability and accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results it was possible to conclude that the considered anthropometric studies had not focused their attention to the analysis of precision, reliability and accuracy of the manual measurement methods. Hence, and with the aim of avoiding measurement errors and misleading data, anthropometric studies should put more efforts and care on testing measurement error and defining the procedures used to collect anthropometric data

    A Study of prevalence of malnutrition in government School children in the field area of Azad nagar Bangalore, India

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    Malnutrition is a problem at varying proportions in developing countries, and anthropometry is a simple tool to assess its magnitude in children. This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence of malnutrition among 500 children of govt schols of Azad Nagar, bangalore south Asia. The value of using various field based formulae and of various anthropometric indicators used for classification of malnutrition was also studied. The study was focused on children aged 8-14 years studying in class 1st to 8th in govt schools. Anthropometric data and eating practices of children were collected with the help of a pretested questionnaire and food intake diary. Selected anthropometric measurements were taken using standard techniques. Their Body Mass Index (B.M.I) for age was calculated and compared with WHO (2007) standards. Compared to WHO standards, mean BMI of school children in Azad Nagar and its surrounding area was inferior at all ages. The prevalence of malnutrition was 68%, males recorded a relatively high high rate of malnutrition 57.94% (197) than females 42.06% (143). The study reveals that the average of govt school children in Azad Nagar are underweighted. Poor nutrition of children do not only affects the cognitive development of children but also likely to reduce the work capacity in future

    Nutrition Country Profile United Republic of Tanzania

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    Population, Economic, Tanzania, urbanization, Nutrition

    Mexican anthropometry percentiles and the LMS method

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