Вивчення вуглеводного складу слані Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., заготовленої в Україні

Aim. To study the component composition of free and total monosaccharides in the raw material of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. harvested in Ukraine.Materials and methods. The component composition of free and total monosaccharides in the raw material was determined by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS).Results and discussion. Among the free monosaccharides, the presence of D-perseitol, (6.99 mg g–1) and D-mannitol (1.12 mg g–1) was determined. Among the total monosaccharides, the content of D-glucose (203.64 mg g–1) prevailed. D-mannose (53.74 mg g–1), D-galactose (51.71 mg g–1), D-xylose (0.83 mg g–1) and L-rhamnose (0.53 mg g–1) were found in lower quantities, as well as polyatomic alcohols – D-dulcitol (8.46 mg g–1) and D-mannitol (3.10 mg g–1).Conclusions. For the first time, the component composition of free and total monosaccharides in the raw material of C. islandica harvested in Ukraine has been determined. The results obtained will be used as a component of the comprehensive systematic study of the raw material of C. islandica harvested in Ukraine.Мета. Визначити компонентний склад вільних та загальних моносахаридів у сировині Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., заготовленої в Україні.Матеріали та методи. Визначення компонентного складу вільних та загальних моносахаридів у сировині проводили методом газової хроматографії з мас-спектрометричним детектуванням (ГХ-МС).Результати і обговорення. Серед вільних моносахаридів виявлено наявність D-персеїтолу (6,99 мг г–1) та D-манітолу (1,12 мг г–1). Серед загальних моносахаридів переважав вміст D-глюкози (203,64 мг г–1). У менших кількостях виявлено D-манозу (53,74 мг г–1), D-галактозу (51,71 мг г–1), D-ксилозу (0,83 мг г–1) і L-рамнозу (0,53 мг г–1), а також багатоатомні спирти D-дульцитол (8,46 мг г–1) і D-манітол (3,10 мг г–1).Висновки. Уперше визначено компонентний склад вільних та загальних моносахаридів у сировині C. islandica, заготовленої в Україні. Отримані результати буде використано як складову частину комплексного всебічного вивчення сировини C. islandica, заготовленої в Україні

HPLC ANALYSIS OF AMINO ACIDS CONTENT IN CRAMBE CORDIFOLIA AND CRAMBE KOKTEBELICA LEAVES

Objective: The aim of our study was to establish the content of some primary metabolites, such as amino acids in Crambe cordifolia and Crambe koktebelica. The lack of experimental data induced us to determine these compounds. Methods: Crambe cordifolia and Crambe koktebelica leaves were selected as the objects of the study. The amino acids in the raw materials were determined by the HPLC method. Results: The results of the research revealed that the leaves of Crambe cordifolia and Crambe koktebelica contain fifteen and sixteen free amino acids respectively. Among the free amino acids L-histidine was presented in Crambe cordifolia leaves in the greatest amount, its content was 12.19 µg/mg. The content of free L-arginine, L-valine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine was the greatest in Crambe koktebelica leaves, it was 2.23 µg/mg, 2.04 µg/mg, 1.74 µg/mg, 1.50 µg/mg respectively. The content of bound L-glutamic acid, Glycine, L-arginine, L-leucine was the highest in Crambe cordifolia and Crambe koktebelica leaves. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that Crambe cordifolia and Crambe koktebelica can be considered as a source of highly digestible amino acids that can be used to treat some diseases

Volatile Compounds in Honey: A Review on Their Involvement in Aroma, Botanical Origin Determination and Potential Biomedical Activities

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in honey are obtained from diverse biosynthetic pathways and extracted by using various methods associated with varying degrees of selectivity and effectiveness. These compounds are grouped into chemical categories such as aldehyde, ketone, acid, alcohol, hydrocarbon, norisoprenoids, terpenes and benzene compounds and their derivatives, furan and pyran derivatives. They represent a fingerprint of a specific honey and therefore could be used to differentiate between monofloral honeys from different floral sources, thus providing valuable information concerning the honey’s botanical and geographical origin. However, only plant derived compounds and their metabolites (terpenes, norisoprenoids and benzene compounds and their derivatives) must be employed to discriminate among floral origins of honey. Notwithstanding, many authors have reported different floral markers for honey of the same floral origin, consequently sensory analysis, in conjunction with analysis of VOCs could help to clear this ambiguity. Furthermore, VOCs influence honey’s aroma described as sweet, citrus, floral, almond, rancid, etc. Clearly, the contribution of a volatile compound to honey aroma is determined by its odor activity value. Elucidation of the aroma compounds along with floral origins of a particular honey can help to standardize its quality and avoid fraudulent labeling of the product. Although only present in low concentrations, VOCS could contribute to biomedical activities of honey, especially the antioxidant effect due to their natural radical scavenging potential

Evaluation of DPPH Free Radical Scavenging, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Antimicrobial Activities of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extracts

Herbs and medicinal plants are major ingredients in traditional or folk medicine for many countries of the world, including Malaysia. This study evaluated the potential of the leaf extract in different solvent polarities and drying methods of Aquilaria malaccensis, in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the enzyme α-glucosidase as well as antimicrobial activities. Both methanol and ethanol extracts in oven dry method were efficient solvents to extract the antioxidant constituents of A. malaccensis. To analyze α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the methanol extracts of A. malaccensis in air dry method exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 value of 196.31 μg/mL. In addition, for the antimicrobial activity, each extract was tested by a serial two-fold dilution method against selected Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, and this suggested that hexane in oven dry method possessed the maximum antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacteria tested. It is suggested that the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties were exhibited most in a polar solvent (MEOH) whether in air dry or oven dry method with no significant difference. In contrary with antimicrobial which was efficient in a non-polar solvent (HEX) in oven dry method. These results indicate that A. malaccensis is a promising source as herbal medicine

Recent trends in two-dimensional liquid chromatography

Multi-dimensional liquid chromatography (MD-LC) continues to gain in popularity for applications where conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography is insufficient to solve the analytical problem at hand. In this review we have focused on articles published in the years 2019 to early 2023 and look for trends using our previous review published in 2018 as a baseline. We have also explored usage patterns related to involvement of industrial laboratories in the published research. The two major areas of technical development have been continued work on modulation strategies that help mitigate problems associated with mobile phase mismatch when coupling complementary separation mechanisms, and development of computer-aided method development strategies. Progress in these areas is making 2D-LC easier to use, and it appears that this is translating to a shift toward more involvement by industrial laboratories. Indeed, over 34% of the more than 200 publications on 2D-LC in the last four years have had at least one-industry affiliated author. A recent inter-laboratory comparison study focused on the performance of a sophisticated multi-stage, multi-dimensional separation for therapeutic protein characterization is an exemplary indication of the increasing investment of industrial laboratories to MD-LC, and we expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future

A study of saponins in legumes of importance to both human and animal nutrition

This work describes the analysis and isolation of saponins using a range of chromatographic techniques, the development of a quantitative HPLC method for the determination of saponins as they occur in seed, and the study of various factors which affect both the saponin content and composition in different legume seeds.Seed from 6 cultivars of lupin were grown in 4 regions of Australia, with up to 15 plots sampled within each region. Saponin contents ranged from 0 to 740 mg kg-1. Soyasaponin I, soyasaponin VI (the 2, 3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H/-pyran-4-one conjugate of soyasaponin I) and a new saponin were found in the lupin seed. The changes observed in saponin content were dependent on cultivar, followed by the site and then the region where grown.The saponin content of 20 cultivars of lentils grown in Spain ranged from 654 to 1269 mg kg-k Soyasaponins I and VI were present in all the cultivars. The saponin content depended on both seed size and testa colour.The use of a mild extraction technique and an improved quantitative HPLC method showed soyasaponin VI to be the only saponin present in lupin seed whereas soyasaponin I was derived from soyasaponin VI when harsher extraction conditions were used.The HPLC method was used to study the effect of soaking, cooking and germination on the saponin content and composition of two cultivars of both chickpeas and lentils. Soyasaponin VI was the only saponin detected in the unprocessed, soaked and germinated seed. Neither soaking nor germination modified the saponin content or composition of chickpeas and lentils. Soyasaponin VI was partially degraded during cooking into soyasaponin I, and both leached into the cooking solution. An overall loss of saponin content was found for lentil but none for chickpea

Phytochemical analysis of dodonaea viscosa var angustifolia and their beneficial effects against streptococcus mutans

Degree of Master of Science in Medicine by research only Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine Johannesburg 2016Introduction: The link between Streptococcus mutans and dental caries is well documented. The use of natural plant products in the treatment of oral diseases is gaining popularity. One plant that has gained recognition as a source of traditional medicine is Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia. The aim of this study was to analyse the phytochemical constituents of D. viscosa var. angustifolia (DVA) and establish their beneficial effects against S. mutans. Materials and methods Cultures of S. mutans ATCC 10923 and SM1 were obtained from the Oral Microbiology laboratory and the DVA was collected from the Pypeklipberg, Mkhunyane Eco Reserve, South Africa. Dry DVA leaves were extracted with methanol. The crude extract was fractionated into six fractions (F1-F6) using silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the crude extract and six fractions were determined using microtitre plate dilution technique. The effect of the crude extract and fractions on biofilm formation and acid production were investigated using standard techniques. The bioautography technique was also used to identify fractions with bioactive compounds. The most active fraction (F5) was further fractionated and purified into two subfractions, 5.1 and 5.2. Both subfractions were further screened to identify the most beneficial subfraction (5.1). Subfraction 5.1 was identified and elucidated using GC-MS and NMR. The effect of the purified compound on biofilm formation and acid production on S. mutans was repeated to establish reproducibility of the results. Cytotoxic effect of the crude extract and identified subfraction (5.1) was studied using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK). The results were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann-Whitney). Results The MIC and MBC of the six fractions and crude extract ranged from 0.39 to 12.5 mg/ml. On preliminary screening of 6 fractions, F5 showed lowest MBC of 0.39 mg/ml and highest total activity value of 2000. In addition, at 0.2 mg/ml, F5 reduced biofilm formation by 93.3% and reduced acid production in S. mutans. Purification of F5 produced subfraction 5.1 and 5.2. Subfraction 5.1 showed higher antimicrobial activity (MIC-0.05 mg/ml) compared to the crude extract (MIC-0.78 mg/ml) and subfraction 5.2 (MIC-0.78 mg/ml). At a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml, subfraction 5.1 exhibited an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation at both 6 hours (94% reduction) and 24 hours (99% reduction) which was higher compared to the crude extract (87% reduction at 0.78 mg/ml after 6 hours). Subfraction 5.1 also exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on acid production compared to the crude extract. Subfraction 5.1 was identified as, 5,6,8-Trihydroxy-7,4l-dimethoxyflavone. Cytotoxicity analysis of the crude extract and subfraction 5.1 (5,6,8-Trihydroxy-7,4l-dimethoxyflavone) on HEK 293 cells showed IC50 values of 0.09 mg/ml and 0.03 mg/ml respectively. Conclusion Phytochemical analysis of D. viscosa var. angustifolia produced an anticariogenic constituent, 5,6,8-Trihydroxy-7,4l-dimethoxyflavone. The compound showed improved antimicrobial and anticariogenic activity at lower concentrations than the crude extract. At subinhibitory concentrations, the compound significantly inhibited biofilm formation and acid production by S. mutans. Cytotoxicity analysis established the safe use of this newly isolated compound therefore it has potential to be used in the oral cavity to prevent dental caries.MT201

Evolutionary footprints of a cold relic in a rapidly warming world

With accelerating global warming, understanding the evolutionary dynamics of plant adaptation to environmental change is increasingly urgent. Here we reveal the enigmatic history of the genus Cochlearia (Brassicaceae), a Pleistocene relic that originated from a drought-adapted Mediterranean sister genus during the Miocene. Cochlearia rapidly diversified and adapted to circum-Arctic regions and other cold-characterized habitat types during the Pleistocene. This sudden change in ecological preferences was accompanied by a highly complex, reticulate polyploid evolution, which was apparently triggered by the impact of repeated Pleistocene glaciation cycles. Our results illustrate that two early diversified arctic-alpine diploid gene pools contributed differently to the evolution of this young polyploid genus now captured in a cold-adapted niche. Metabolomics revealed central carbon metabolism responses to cold in diverse species and ecotypes, likely due to continuous connections to cold habitats that may have facilitated widespread adaptation to alpine and subalpine habitats, and which we speculate were coopted from existing drought adaptations. Given the growing scientific interest in adaptive evolution of temperature-related traits, our results provide much-needed taxonomic and phylogenomic resolution of a model system as well as first insights into the origins of its adaptation to cold