Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses

Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.</p

Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses

Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.</p

Viral pathogens and acute lung injury: investigations inspired by the SARS epidemic and the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Acute viral pneumonia is an important cause of acute lung injury (ALI), although not enough is known about the exact incidence of viral infection in ALI. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays, direct fluorescent antigen (DFA) assays, and viral cultures can detect viruses in samples from the human respiratory tract, but the presence of the virus does not prove it to be a pathogen, nor does it give information regarding the interaction of viruses with the host immune response and bacterial flora of the respiratory tract. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic and the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic provided a better understanding of how viral pathogens mediate lung injury. Although the viruses initially infect the respiratory epithelium, the relative role of epithelial damage and endothelial dysfunction has not been well defined. The inflammatory host immune response to H1N1 infection is a major contributor to lung injury. The SARS coronavirus causes lung injury and inflammation in part through actions on the nonclassical renin angiotensin pathway. The lessons learned from the pandemic outbreaks of SARS coronavirus and H1N1 capture key principles of virally mediated ALI. There are pathogen-specific pathways underlying virally mediated ALI that converge onto a common end pathway resulting in diffuse alveolar damage. In terms of therapy, lung protective ventilation is the cornerstone of supportive care. There is little evidence that corticosteroids are beneficial, and they might be harmful. Future therapeutic strategies may be targeted to specific pathogens, the pathogenetic pathways in the host immune response, or enhancing repair and regeneration of tissue damage

Tale of two viruses, A: the ability of New World mammals to host Old World viruses

Includes bibliographical references.2022 Fall.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses

Two novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans in the 21st century, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome human coronavirus (MERS-CoV), both of which cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and have high mortality rates. There are no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available for either of these infections; thus, a priority in the field is the development of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies that can be readily applied to new emergent strains. This review will: describe the emergence and identification of novel human coronaviruses over the last 10 years; review their key biological features, including tropism and receptor use; and summarize approaches to develop broadly effective vaccines