4 research outputs found
Filogenia, biogeografía y evolución del comportamiento en los Doraditos (Pseudocolopteryx; Tyrannidae; Aves)
El género Pseudocolopteryx (Doraditos) tiene una distribución exclusiva en Sudamérica y está compuesto por cinco especies de pequeños tiránidos de áreas abiertas: P. sclateri, P. acutipennis, P. dinelliana, P. citreola y P. flaviventris, todas las cuales muestran movimientos estacionales en algún grado. En este trabajo se construyó la primera hipótesis filogenética de Doraditos basada en secuencias de ADN, que fue luego utilizada para estudiar: 1) la evolución de los caracteres de estructura y color de plumaje, 2) los despliegues nupciales y 3) la biogeografía. Las relaciones filogenéticas se basaron en análisis Bayesianos y de máxima verosimilitud de genes mitocondriales (ND2 y COI) y nucleares (MYO y ODC). La filogenia resultante pudo recuperar la monofilia de Pseudocolopteryx, resolviendo las relaciones entre las especies de doraditos (P. sclateri (P. acutipennis (P. dinelliana (P. citreola-P. flaviventris))). Estos análisis filogenéticos no pudieron sin embargo recuperar la monofilia de las especies crípticas P. flaviventris y P. citreola. En general, estos genes mostraron divergencias muy bajas e inconsistentes entre P. flaviventris y P. citreola. Dos haplotipos débilmente diferenciados de ND2 fueron exclusivos de P. flaviventris y tres fueron exclusivos de P. citreola, pero las diferencias interespecíficas oscilaron entre uno y dos pasos mutacionales. La datación molecular estimó una divergencia muy reciente entre P. citreola y P. flaviventris de aproximadamente 60000 años. Todas las especies mostraron dimorfismo sexual en el color del pico: machos con picos completamente negros y hembras con el interior del pico y base de la mandíbula rosácea y el resto negro. Pseudocolopteryx sclateri, P. dinelliana y P. acutipennis exhiben dimorfismo sexual sólo visible con ejemplares en mano, donde las plumas primarias p6 y p7 de los machos son atenuadas y/o modificadas estructuralmente. El grado de dicromatismo sexual basado en los caracteres de coloración del plumaje fue ALTO para P. sclateri, MODERADO para P. acutipennis, P. citreola y P. flaviventris, y BAJO para P. dinelliana. La reconstrucción de estados ancestrales indicó que el dicromatismo sexual es ancestral en Pseudocolopteryx, y el monocromatismo, aunque parcial, aparece como un carácter derivado solo en P. dinelliana. Los cambios en el fenotipo de color en los machos, y no en el de las hembras, fueron los que contribuyeron a la pérdida de dimorfismo sexual, con P. dinelliana adquiriendo caracteres de plumaje que son femeninos en las demás especies. Las primarias modificadas también aparecen como un carácter ancestral en Pseudocolopteryx, y se pierden sólo en P. citreola y P. flaviventris junto con despliegues aéreos y la producción de sonidos mecánicos. La extrema similitud de los plumajes de P. citreola y P. flaviventris se debe a su ancestralidad común y no a un caso de convergencia ni retención de plesiomorfías previas. Sus vocalizaciones y su capacidad de reconocimiento recíproco han divergido marcadamente en un período de tiempo muy breve, mientras que el plumaje se ha mantenido en una estasis total. A partir del estudio de grabaciones de audio y video se identificaron y describieron en detalle las unidades comportamentales (visuales y acústicas) que conforman el fenotipo de los despliegues de Pseudocolopteryx. El fenotipo comportamental fue analizado bajo el concepto de modularidad. La modularidad es la propiedad que permite a los caracteres organizarse y evolucionar como unidades y subunidades coherentes (los módulos). Así, los módulos pueden ser organizacionales cuando existen como tales en un mismo organismo, y poseen: 1) organización jerárquica, 2) existencia discreta y 3) forma estereotipada; y pueden ser variacionales cuando son heredables y susceptibles de evolucionar, y poseerán 1) homología y 2) disociabilidad evolutiva. Los despliegues nupciales en Pseudocolopteryx se organizaron en tres módulos de jerarquía mayor (Módulos de Momento): Presentación, Remate y Despliegue Aéreo de dos perchas. Estos módulos contienen a su vez módulos de jerarquía menor (Módulos de Acción): Cabeceos, Giros y Arqueos, y Cierre. Estas unidades comportamentales modulares visuales se acoplaron de manera plenamente modular con las componentes acústicas. La Presentación se relacionó con el componente acústico Introducción y el Remate con la Floritura, mientras que el Despliegue Aéreo de dos perchas incluyó todos o alguno de los módulos de acción de la Floritura. Los módulos de acción están acoplados plenamente a componentes acústicos: Cabeceos y notas iniciales, Giros y Arqueos con notas intermedias y Cierre con notas finales. Las unidades del fenotipo comportamental de los despliegues nupciales en Pseudocolopteryx se acoplaron de manera plenamente modular, y presentaron las características de modularidad organizacional y variacional. El modulo de acción Presentación está constituido fundamentalmente por la duplicación de los módulos de acción Cabeceos, y puede presentar algunos Giros y Arqueos. El Remate está caracterizado por la presencia del Cierre, pero tiene también Cabeceos y Giros y Arqueos. El Despliegue Aéreo de dos perchas está constituido por los mismos módulos de acción que el Remate. El módulo de momento Despliegue Aéreo de dos perchas habría aparecido en la evolución temprana de Pseudocolopteryx como una duplicación con modificación del módulo de momento Remate. El reemplazo de sonidos vocales por sonidos putativamente mecánicos (o viceversa) aparece dos veces en Pseudocolopteryx: las notas iniciales son chasquidos del pico en P. sclateri pero vocalizaciones en las demás especies, y en P. acutipennis las notas finales, que son siringeales en las demás especies, aparecen como sonidos putativamente mecánicos producidos por sus plumas primarias modificadas. La Presentación y el Remate en Pseudocolopteryx presentan diferencias estructurales indicarían que son módulos portadores de información diferente: durante el Remate el macho transmitiría información sobre su identidad específica, relevante para el emparejamiento, mientras que la Presentación funcionaría simplemente como un llamado de atención previo al Remate. Así, el Remate habría evolucionado bajo fuertes presiones selectivas que lo habrían moldeado mas rígidamente que a la Presentación. Mediante el desarrollo de modelos de nicho ecológico y de distribución potencial se analizaron las distribuciones y movimientos estacionales de los Doraditos. Pseudocolopteryx sclateri es una especie nómade, que podría criar cuando y donde ciertas condiciones estén dadas haciendo que su geonemia sea muy dinámica. Las poblaciones del sur de P. acutipennis son migradoras, mientras que las norteñas serían residentes anuales. Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana tiene una distribución chaqueña con acotados movimientos estacionales. P. citreola nidifica fundamentalmente el Matorral chileno y el Monte de Argentina y migraría al Chaco en invierno. P. flaviventris cría en los pastizales pampeanos y durante al inverno migraría hacia el sur de Brasil y el Chaco húmedo de Argentina. Las comparaciones pareadas de superposición en el espacio geográfico y de nicho demuestran que ninguna de las especies tiene nichos ecológicos equivalentes entre sí. Al ponderar las comparaciones de superposición geográfica y de nicho en cada nodo del árbol filogenético se observó que la especiación en Pseudocolopteryx se dio bajo un patrón general de alopatría y divergencia de nicho ecológico. Las distribuciones y nichos ecológicos actuales de P. sclateri y P. acutipennis se vieron modificados fuertemente por cambios post especiacionales, debido a su posición basal en la filogenia y a sus tiempos de divergencia mas antiguos. En cambio, P. dinelliana, P. citreola y P. flaviventris sufrieron procesos de especiación mas recientes donde las presiones mediadas por el hábitat habrían tenido un papel importante. Dado el reciente evento de especiación ente P. citreola y P. flaviventris, se plantea la posibilidad de que una de las dos especies sea el ancestro de la otra. Los datos de distribución y migración son consistentes con dos escenarios posibles de especiación (Especiación peripátrica y Especiación por "dosificación de migrantes”) que indican que P. citreola es el ancestro de P. flaviventris y no al revés.The genus Pseudocolopteryx (Doraditos) comprises five species of South American open-area flycatchers: P. sclateri, P. acutipennis, P. dinelliana, P. citreola and P. flaviventris, all of which have some kind of seasonal movement. In the present study we built the first phylogenetic hypothesis for Doraditos based on DNA sequence data and used it to study: 1) the evolution of plumage structure and color patterns, 2) nuptial displays, and 3) biogeography. The phylogenetic relationships were estimated with Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of mitochondrial (ND2 y COI) and nuclear (MYO y ODC) gene sequences. The resulting phylogeny recovered the monophyly of Pseudocolopteryx, resolving the relationships among species: (P. sclateri (P. acutipennis (P. dinelliana (P. citreola-P. flaviventris))). These phylogenetic analyses did not recover the monophyly of the cryptic species P. citreola and P. flaviventris. Overall, these genes showed very low and inconsistent divergences between P. flaviventris and P. citreola. Two weakly differentiated haplotypes ofND2 were exclusive to P. flaviventris and three were exclusive to P. citreola, but interspecific differences ranged between one and two mutational steps. A molecular clock estimated a very recent divergence between P. citreola and P. flaviventris: approximately 60000 years before present. All the species showed sexual dimorphism in bill color: males had wholly black bills, and females had black bills with orange gape and mandible base. Pseudocolopteryx sclateri, P. dinelliana and P. acutipennis exhibit a sexual dimorphism only visible with specimens in hand: male´s p6 and p7 primaries were attenuated and/or structurally modified. The degree of sexual dichromatism based on plumage features was high in P. sclateri, moderate in P. acutipennis, P. citreola, and P. flaviventris, and low in P. dinelliana. Ancestral state reconstruction showed that sexual dichromatism is ancestral in Pseudocolopteryx, and that partial monochromatism appears as a derived character only in P. dinelliana. Changes in color phenotype of males, but not those of females, contributed to the reduction of dimorphism, with P. dinelliana acquiring plumage characters that are feminine among the others species. Modified primaries also appeared as an ancestral character in Pseudocolopteryx, and were lost in P. citreola and P. flaviventris along with both aerial displays and mechanical sounds. The extreme similarity of the plumage of P. citreola and P. flaviventris is explained by their common ancestry, and not by convergence or retention of plesiomorphies. Their vocalizations and their capability of reciprocal recognition have diverged markedly in a very short period of time, while the plumage has remained in a total stasis. Through the study of audio and video recordings, the behavioral units that conform the phenotype of Pseudocolopteryx displays were identified and described in detail. The behavioral phenotype was analyzed under the concept of modularity. Modularity is the property that allows characters to organize and evolve as coherent units and subunits (modules). Modules can be organizational and/or variational. Modules can be considered organizational when existing as such in the same organism, and posses: 1) hierarchical organization, 2) discrete existence and 3) stereotyped form. Variational modules are heritable and susceptible to evolve, and exhibit: 1) homology and 2) evolutionary dissociability. Nuptial displays of Pseudocolopteryx were organized into three modules of higher hierarchy (Momentum Modules): Presentation, Crowning, and Two-perch Aerial Display. These modules contained modules of lower hierarchy (Action Modules): Noddings, Twists and Bowings, and Closing. These visual modular behavioral units were coupled in a fully modular way with the acoustic components. Presentation was related to the acoustic component Introduction, and Crowningwas related to Flourish, while Two-perch Aerial Display included all or some of the action modules of the Flourish. The action modules are fully coupled to acoustic components: Noddings to initial notes, Twists and Bowings to middle notes, and Closing to final notes. The units of the behavioral phenotype of the nuptial displays in Pseudocolopteryx were coupled in a fully modular way, and presented the characteristics of organizational and variational modularity. The action module Presentation is mainly constituted by the duplication of the action modules Noddings, and may present some Twists and Bowings. Crowning is characterized by the presence of Closing, but also has Noddings and Twists and Bowings. Two-perch Aerial Display is constituted by the same action modules that Crowning. The Two-perch Aerial Display momentum module would have appeared in the early evolution of Pseudocolopteryx as a duplication with modification of the Crowning momentum module. The replacement of vocal sounds by mechanical sounds (or vice versa) appears twice in Pseudocolopteryx: the initial notes are bill snaps in P. sclateri but vocalizations in the other species, and the final notes of P. acutipennis are mechanical sounds produced by their modified primary feathers, while they are syringeal in the other species. Presentation and Crowning in Pseudocolopteryx present structural differences that would indicate that they are modules carrying different information: during Crowning the male would transmit information about his specific identity relevant for mating, whereas Presentation would work simply to draw attention to the upcoming Crowning. Thus, the highly rigid and diagnostic Crowning would have evolved under strong selective pressures while the Presentation was more variable and similar among species would have been under less severe selection pressures. The distribution and seasonal movements of Doraditos were analyzed through the development of both ecological niche and potential distribution models. Pseudocolopteryx sclateri is a nomadic species, which could breed when and where certain conditions are met, resulting in a very dynamic geographic range. The southern populations of P. acutipennis are migratory, while the northern populations would be annual residents. Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana has a chacoan distribution with limited seasonal movements. Pseudocolopteryx citreola breeds essentially in Chilean Matorral and Monte Desert of Argentina, and migrates north to the Chaco region during winter. Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris breeds in the Pampas grasslands and migrates in winter to southern Brazil and the humid Chaco of Argentina. Analysis of both niche and geographic overlap show that none of the species has equivalent ecological niches to each other. When species-pair comparisons of geographic and niche overlap where compared taking into account their position in each node of the phylogenetic tree, it was observed that the speciation in Pseudocolopteryx occurred under a general pattern of allopatry and divergence of ecological niche. Current distributions and ecological niches of both P. sclateri and P. acutipennis were strongly modified by post-speciational changes, due to their basal position in phylogeny and their deeper divergence times. In contrast, P. dinelliana, P. citreola and P. flaviventris underwent more recent speciation events where pressures mediated by habitat would have played an important role. Given the recent speciation event between P. citreola and P. flaviventris, it is possible that one of the two species is the ancestor of the other one. Migration and distributional data are consistent with two possible speciation scenarios (Peripatric speciation and Migration-dosing speciation) showing that P. citreola would be the ancestor of P. flaviventris, and not viceversa.Fil: Jordan, Emilio Ariel. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentin
Restrição a locais de reprodução e sazonalidade de Tachuris Rubrigastra (Aves: Tachurisidae) e Phleocryptes Melanops (Aves: Furnariidae) no Litoral Sul do Brasil
Orientador : Prof. Dr. Marcos Ricardo BornscheinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. Defesa: Curitiba, 19/01/2016Inclui referências : f. 139-157Resumo: Tachuris rubrigastra e Phleocryptes melanops são pequenas aves de brejos, de regiões subtropicais e temperadas, especialmente andino-patagônicas, com populações residentes e migratórias, com informações biológicas fragmentadas e movimentações pouco estudadas. No Brasil, estas espécies ocorrem em um bastante restritivo para a ocupação pelas aves que são os brejos salinos subtropicais, ecossistema recentemente reconhecido e alvo do presente estudo, caracterizado pelo dinamismo da sucessão da vegetação e variações das marés. Para estudar a distribuição e restrição destas aves em parte do litoral do Brasil, realizamos observações fortuitas e sistemáticas, efetuadas entre 1994 e 2015, do litoral sul de São Paulo ao litoral norte de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Registramos três populações residentes de T. rubrigastra (totalizando 117,21 ha) e duas de P. melanops (totalizando 58,42 ha) em brejos salinos no estuário do interior de baías no estado do Paraná. Também registramos indivíduos migrantes na faixa costeira da região de estudo e no interior de baías. As populações residentes de T. rubrigastra e P. melanops ocupam uma pequena área do total de brejos existentes na região (5,64% e 2,81%, respectivamente). Ainda assim, registramos perda de área de residência de T. rubrigastra por invasão de uma planta nativa Panicum mertensii e por invasão de uma planta exótica Urochloa arrecta. Corroboramos a proposição de que as áreas de residência são um ecossistema à parte, que sugerimos estar sofrendo tropicalização da flora e ainda retração por avanço de manguezais. Para estudar a seleção de habitat por T. rubrigastra e P. melanops, caracterizamos as fitofisionomias em áreas que elas ocorrem e as mesmas onde elas não ocorrem no interior da baía de Guaratuba, estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. Avaliamos características fitossociológicas, percentual de solo exposto, disponibilidade de recurso alimentar e altitude nestas fitofisionomias, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Com o objetivo de entender as variações sazonais das populações destas espécies em suas áreas como residentes no interior da baía de Guaratuba, realizamos amostragens de censos de abundância, marcação/recaptura, sexagem para avaliar a possibilidade de migração diferencial por sexo e procura por indivíduos anilhados, entre os final de 2011 e começo 2015. Em relação à seleção de habitat, as espécies ocorrem em um total de quatro fitofisionomias muito simplificadas quanto à flora, caracterizadas pelo domínio de uma ou duas plantas, entre Schoenoplectus californicus, Crinum americanum, Cladium jamaicense e Typha domingensis. A cobertura da vegetação (= densidade) é a principal variável para as áreas usadas pelas aves. As aves usaram fitofisionomias com as plantas de estrutura aérea verticalizada em densidades intermediárias e a de estrutura aérea em forma de roseta (C. americanum) em densidade alta. A vegetação usada apresenta três estratos: um inferior, com densidade baixa à moderada, um médio, com densidade moderada à alta, e um superior, com densidade baixa. Densidade "intermediária" no estrato médio provavelmente protege contra predadores e ocultar ninhos, enquanto que menores densidades nos estratos inferior e superior permitiriam o forrageamento. As fitofisionomias selecionadas e não selecionadas pelas aves são os estágios iniciais no processo de formação e sucessão natural dos brejos da região. Os estágios iniciais ocupados pelas aves ocorrem em locais muito restritos, dependentes de deposição natural de sedimentos, assim destacando a vulnerabilidade das populações locais. Especialmente em função dos impactos da mudança climática que podem afetar a deposição de sedimentos. Em relação à sazonalidade, verificamos que ambas as espécies têm maiores abundâncias em dois picos e que os indivíduos anilhados tiveram sazonalidade, e a composição de indivíduos varia conforme os picos de abundância das espécies. Ambas as espécies são sazonais na área amostral, havendo migração parcial em dois turnos, um em período quente do ano e outro em período frio. Propomos que a variação na composição dos indivíduos durante os picos de abundância seja uma adaptação à alta restrição de habitat destas espécies na área de estudo, como forma de reduzir a competição por recursos alimentares e locais de nidificação. A redução em área dos brejos salinos subtropicais poderia ser condizente como um efeito gerador do padrão migratório em dois grupos, o qual seria um resultado para manter um contingente populacional em área de vida rapidamente reduzida.Abstract: Tachuris rubrigastra and Phleocryptes melanops are small marsh birds that inhabit subtropical and temperate regions, especially andean-patagonian ecosystems, with resident and migratory populations, and for which there exists little information about their life history and few studies on their movements. In Brazil, these species occur in a very restricted habitat, which is subtropical salt marsh, a recently recognized ecosystem and aim of this research, characterized by the dynamic succession and tidal variations. To study the distribution and restriction of these bird species on the Brazilian coast, we conducted incidental and systematic observations between 1994 and 2015, between the southern coast of São Paulo state to the north coast of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. We recorded three resident populations of T. rubrigastra (across 117.21 ha) and two of P. melanops (across 58.42 ha) in salt marshes inside of bays in the Paraná State. We also recorded migratory individuals in the coastal strip of sampling region and inside the bays. The resident populations of T. rubrigastra and P. melanops represent a small area of marshes within the region (5.64% and 2.81% respectively). We recorded loss of habitat used by T. rubrigastra due to invasion of a native plant and by an exotic plant. We corroborate the idea that the areas of residence of these species are a distinct ecosystem and we suggest that it is suffering a tropicalization of its flora and a retraction due to the advance of mangroves. To study habitat selection by T. rubrigastra and P. melanops, we characterized the phytophysiognomies where the birds occur and where the birds do not occur in Guaratuba bay, state of Paraná, southern Brazil. We evaluated phytosociological features, percentage of exposed soil, food resources, and their availability and altitude in these phytophysiognomies between late 2011 and early 2015. With the aim of understanding seasonal variation of the populations of these species in their areas of residence in the inner Guaratuba bay, we censused, ringed, sexed and searched for marked individuals, between 2011 and 2015. In terms of habitat selection, the species occur in four very simple habitats in terms of vegetation types, characterized by the dominance of one or two plants, including Schoenoplectus californicus, Crinum americanum, Cladium jamaicense and Typha domingensis. The vegetation cover (= density) is the key variable related to areas selected by the species. The birds selected phytophysiognomies with vertical aerial structure of plants in intermediate densities and a rosette-shape aerial structure (C. americanum) in high densities. Selected habitat was characterized by three strata: a lower stratum with low to moderate density, a medium stratum with moderate to high density, and a higher stratum with low density. The intermediate density in the medium stratum appears to protect against predators and for hiding nests, while lower densities in the lower and higher strata allow foraging. The habitat types selected and not selected by the birds are the early stages in the formation and natural succession of the marshes in the region. This may explain the apparent lack of importance of certain variables (e.g. food resources), because the vegetation types used and not used by the birds are all in their early stages, and may be typified by resource levels not selected by the birds. The early stages used by the birds occur in very restricted areas, dependent on natural sediment deposition, thus highlighting the vulnerability of local populations, especially due to the impacts of climate change. In relation to seasonality, we found that both species have the highest abundances in two periods and that ringed individuals were present only seasonally, with a composition that varies with species abundance. Both species are seasonal in the sampling area, with partial migration in two periods, one during the warmer season and another in the colder season. We propose that the replacement of individuals is an adaptation to the high habitat reduction of these species in the study area, in order to reduce competition for food resources and nesting sites. The presumed reduction of subtropical salt marshes in the area could drive the pattern of two periods of migration, which would be an adaptation to maintain the population in a rapidly diminishing area
Biogeographic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of South American Austral Migration, With Special Reference to the Family Tyrannidae.
South American austral migrants are bird species that breed in temperate South America in the southern summer and migrate north, towards or into northern South America, for the southern winter. Austral migration is similar to other avian migration systems in many ways, but its uniquely South American locale is reflected geographically by the relatively short-distance migrations of most austral migrants, and taxonomically by the numerical dominance of the suboscine family Tyrannidae (the tyrant-flycatchers), of which more than 70 species migrate. Detailed examination of the distributions of austral migrant flycatchers revealed that each is to some extent unique, but that discernible general patterns exist. The latitudinal distribution of austral migrant flycatchers seems to be related to that of resident flycatchers, indicating that the same factors are probably affecting both groups, but in different ways. Breeding austral migrant flycatchers are most diverse around the borders of the Gran Chaco, and wintering flycatchers in and around southwestern Amazonia. Most austral migrant tyrannids breed in scrubby or woodland habitats, and breeding and wintering habitats tend to be similar. The Amazonian microhabitats occupied by wintering austral migrant flycatchers also tend to resemble their breeding habitats, rather than the more complex parts of Amazonian rainforest. Climatic factors, especially temperature, play a greater role in the breeding distribution of austral migrant flycatchers than does habitat, consistent with the results of Herrera (1978) for Europe and Willson (1976) for North America. The evolution of passerine austral migration among Neotropical lineages seems to be tied to movement patterns within the tropics, in partial agreement with Levey and Stiles (1992). Austral migrants tend to be drawn from lineages characterized by occupation of canopy, edge, and open habitats and by dietary opportunism; these attributes were likely important evolutionary precursors to temperate-tropical migration
An overview of migratory birds in Brazil
We reviewed the occurrences and distributional patterns of migratory species of birds in Brazil. A species was classified as migratory when at least part of its population performs cyclical, seasonal movements with high fidelity to its breeding grounds. Of the 1,919 species of birds recorded in Brazil, 198 (10.3%) are migratory. Of these, 127 (64%) were classified as Migratory and 71 (36%) as Partially Migratory. A few species (83; 4.3%) were classified as Vagrant and eight (0,4%) species could not be defined due to limited information available, or due to conflicting data.Fil: Somenzari, Marina. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Cueto, Víctor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaFil: Guaraldo, André de Camargo. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Jahn, Alex. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Lima, Diego Mendes. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Lima, Pedro Cerqueira. Fundação BioBrasil; BrasilFil: Lugarini, Camile. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Machado, Caio Graco. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; BrasilFil: Martinez, Jaime. Universidade de Passo Fundo; BrasilFil: do Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Pacheco, José Fernando. Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos; BrasilFil: Paludo, Danielle. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti. Universidade de Passo Fundo; BrasilFil: Serafini, Patrícia Pereira. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Silveira, Luís Fábio. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: de Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: de Sousa, Nathália Alves. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: de Souza, Manuella Andrade. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Whitney, Bret Myers. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unido