The Soldiers of Spain\u27s California Army, 1769-1821

Spanish authorities used two agencies to occupy and control California as a royal province from 1769 to 1821: the church and the army. While the story of the missions and the missionaries has been thoroughly chronicled, little attention has been focused on the men who comprised Spain\u27s military forces. This thesis examines the experience of the royal soldier in California to determine his significance in the Golden State\u27s Spanish colonial era. The journals, diaries, and correspondence of the soldiers, missionaries, explorers, traders, and foreign rivals who visited or occupied the province comprise a major part\u27 of the source material. The variety of viewpoints represented by these · documents facilitated examination from several perspectives. Another valuable primary source was the Spanish frontier regulations, which provided the royal perspective on the military enterprise. Published materials based on documents in the major archival repositories such as those in Mexico, Spain, and the Bancroft Library in California were accessible through works in the Portland State University Library and the Oregon Historical Society which supplied sources pertinent to this investigation. Secondary works by historians provided both a historical background and data on specific aspects of a soldier\u27s life. Cited periodical articles concentrated more specifically on the military experience both in California and the Spanish northern frontier

Insuring Artificial Stone

This paper examines experiments to increase the durability of architecture as a means to manage the risk of catastrophic loss through tangible systems of artificial material and intangible systems of insurance. At the intersection of these dyads is Coade’s Artificial Stone Manufactory conducting experiments in architecture to yield an ornament useful in securing capital from 1769 - 1821. Selling goods from the south bank of the River Thames in London, Coade’s made use of a catalog to mediate the global exchange between the site of production and construction. For architects and builders, these commodities construct a modern architecture relying upon cheapness, mass production, and abstraction. The utility of this artificial stone explicates a relationship between durability and catastrophic failure at work in the manufacture of modern architecture

An open reply to "What is going on at the Library of Congress?" by Thomas Mann

This is an open response to a report by Thomas Mann at the Library of Congress concerning changes in cataloging. The author contends that, although the current changes at the Library of Congress are suspect, changes are imminent and experienced catalogers must offer positive suggestions for change, otherwise they will be ignored by management

XIII. Political Liberalism and Nationalism, 1815-1871

The first half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of two secular faiths which became key features of Western thought: political liberalism and nationalism- Their tenets were not wTiblly ne^ As~early as the lourteenth century when medieval feudalism was giving way to the rising national state, Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1275 - c, 1343) had announced that political authority was properly lodged in the people. The seventeenth century had produced in John Locke (1632-1704) a man whose ideas on government later became a wellspring for political liberalism. The same era also found nationalism accentuated by colonial rivalries and mercantilist doctrines. Later, the Enlightenment left a legacy to both political liberalism and nationalism. The philosophes had reflected on ways and means of broadening the basis for government founded to preserve those inalienable rights based on natural law. In addition, their attacks on Christian superstitions undermined popular respect for religion, thereby opening the way for a new object of reverence. [excerpt

1797 c. - Mar Grande de San. Blas

This undated, hand-drawn map reflects the coastline beginning in the northern portion of the Baja Peninsula going as far north as Puerto de la Bodega. It shows the approximate location of the 18 missions established in Alta California by 1797. It does not show missions located north of the San Francisco Bay – San Rafael Arcángel and San Francisco de Solano established in 1817 and 1823 respectively. Mission San Luis Rey de Francia established in 1798 and located north of San Diego is not shown on the map, hence one can extrapolate that the map was probably created in late 1797. The map depicts with single small squares the four presidios located in San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey and San Francisco. The missions and presidios have been assigned an alphabetical designation suggesting that a legend had been or was going to be prepared that would accompany the map or be placed on the face of the map. There are two symbols consisting of a group of small squares that are assigned numerical designations “1” and “2” – one located near Mission Santa Clara de Asís and the other located between missions San Fernando Rey de España and San Gabriel Arcángel.https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_spa_1_a/1047/thumbnail.jp

1807- A Map of the Internal Provinces of New Spain

The 1807 map of New Spain stretches from the Baja Peninsula to Nacogdoches in the east and depicts the provincial boundaries, capitals of provinces or kingdoms, Indian and Spanish villages, and the American Troops route.https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_spa_1_a/1011/thumbnail.jp

1779 - Plano de la insigne Entrada de Bucarely, en la Costa Septentrional de la California

On February 11, 1779, two vessels, the Princesa and the Favorita, commanded by Ignacio de Arteaga and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, set sail launching Spain’s third expedition from San Blas, Mexico, to Nueva Galicia (the Pacific Northwest). Their orders were to sail far from the coastline and aim for 70° north latitude and to take formal possession of the land from 50° to 70° north latitude. After an 81-day voyage, they set anchor in the entrance of Puerto de Bucareli situated 55° 17\u27 north latitude on May 3, 1779. They spent six weeks exploring the coastal area and preparing detailed charts of the coastline and many waterways meandering between the islands.https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_spa_1_a/1049/thumbnail.jp

1650 - Amérique septentrional

This 1650 map of North America depicts the Great Lakes in a recognizable form naming both Lake Ontario and Lake Superior. The East Coast designation “N[ouvelle] Amsterdam is present day New York and “N[ovelle] Suede” is the Swedish colony, present day Delaware. The area delineated as “Mer Glaciale” refers to the Northwest Passage. The source for the Southwest area are the 1630 reports of Father Alonso Benavides on his travels in New Mexico with many Native tribes describe. The R. del Norte (Rio Grande) is shown mistakenly as flowing from an interior lake and emptying into the Mar Vermeio (Gulf of California). California is shown as a large island.https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_spa_1_a/1016/thumbnail.jp