Building Techniques and Materials in Ancient and Medieval Milan

Abstract

The city of Milan preserve an amazing historical and architectural heritage, consisting of a high number of ancient churches, in most cases built to the origins of Christianity and transformed into new form during the Romanesque. In the article are synthetically presented the results of the research work of the writer about construction techniques of the most important churches in the city (S. Ambrogio, S. Simpliciano, S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Nazaro Maggiore, ...), trying to highlight the main changes between Late Antiquity and Romanesque. A large amount of stone material were used in Roman architecture of Milan and Lombardy, thanks to the geological variety of the territory. The Alps supplied granites, diorites, gneisses and marbles; the Prealps supplied limestones, dolomites, sandstones (Mesozoic) and conglomerates (Quaternary); the Padània alluvial plain supplied pebbles, gravels, sands and clays (Quaternary). Each stone had a local use reaching the nearest towns (Como, Pavia, Milan, Bergamo, Brescia) through waterways; the towns of the plain (Piacenza, Cremona, Mantua) employed bricks made of local clay. Milano, the capital, employed also stones coming from abroad (limestones from Venetia and Friuli). White marbles of Apuanian Alps and coloured marbles of Eastern mediterranean were also diffused in Milan and other Lombard sites despite the laborious supplying. The stones quarried by the Romans were continuously used in the following centuries