Wide-spread (personal) data collection and use through digital apps and platforms raises questions around the ability of citizens to both keep some of their information private as well as have agency in how this information is used for public and private services. We contrast the digital ‘fingerprints’ and design of personal apps, such as digital identifiers to use public services or civil society for organizing collective action, with the information of use and privacy citizens have. There is an assumption that the use by citizens of various apps in their personal, private spaces as consumers creates a different relationship in terms of regulation and agency over data, as compared to those apps and digital platforms created through policymaking for access to public services. Here, we are defining data agency as a cross of awareness and informed levels of data to be collected and for what purposes with the level of control over the data once collected – in terms of use, reuse, and sale. The goal of this research is to build a framework for understanding data agency of citizens in relation to data sharing practices
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